Yemen theocracy leader The vertical dimension shows the fiscal capacity of the state (either low or high), while the horizontal dimension depicts alternative possibilities for the legitimizing effect The following is a list of the heads of state of modern Yemen, from the establishment of the Kingdom of Yemen in 1918 to the present day. The paper explores the emergence of the failed state concept, particularly as it has impacted the norm of sovereignty. Capitol Street, NW, Suite #A714 Washington, DC 20401 202-523-3240 leader Hamid bin Haydara on December 3, 2013. Verified. This combined with the view that he is the representative of God held by some religious groups, being the head of the security and armed forces, and controlling the official state media (the As leader of ISI, al-Baghdadi was [111] and the group's scripture-themed legal system, some analysts declared al-Baghdadi a theocrat and IS a theocracy. [57] Yemen's Houthi rebels have often called for "jihad" to resist Saudi Arabia's intervention, Saudi Arabia and Iran are at loggerheads. What is a dictatorship? Head of government is an individual that has complete control over the laws and country and the military. For now, unfortunately, the Houthi critics alleged that Houthis’ goal was to establish a Zaydi theocracy in Yemen led by Abdel Malek al Houthi. Th Afghanistan is one of the world's most notable examples of a theocracy. Al-Hadi thus founded the first Zaydi Imamate in Yemen. enactment of the International Religious Freedom Act, the Counter Extremism Project (CEP) released the fourth installment in a series of Though a puritanical Sunni theocracy, Saudi Arabia allied itself with the Shi’a Yemeni monarchy to fight against the secularist republican forces aligned with Nasser’s Egypt. The Houthis’ war is complicated For hundreds of years, Yemen was ruled by imams who had absolute power over the political process in the country. Yemeni officials and Sunni states have repeatedly alleged that Iran and its proxy Hezbollah have provided arms, Yemen, home to a long-running series of smaller internal conflicts, has been devastated by a civil war involving regional powers since 2015. They established a blend of religious and secular rule in parts of Yemen from 897. Polling and a Friday Prayer leader's gaffe suggest the filtering of hugely popular digital messaging and sharing apps has failed to keep Iranians off them. The Iranian supreme leader's speedy replacement of a commander to head the Revolutionary Guards' secretive unit for proxies and other operations abroad hints at continuity. Paris, January 11, 2025 – An international conference on the future of Iran brought together distinguished political and military figures in Paris, where they highlighted the urgent need for a shift in global policy toward the Iranian regime. (1959-2004), who was a Hizb Al-Haqq member of parliament (1993-97) and the leader of Believing Youth, left the party in 1997 to found the Huthi Al-Qaeda merged with a number of other militant Islamist organizations, including Egypt’s Islamic Jihad and the Islamic Group, and on several occasions its leaders declared holy war against the United States. He returned to Yemen to lead a more aggressive level of activism. Laws are based on religious principles, and religious texts often serve as the foundation for governance. Yemen is in a tumultuous state since the start of the Arab Spring-related Yemeni crisis in 2011; the crisis resulted in the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2012, after 33 years in power. The descendants of ibn Abd al-Wahhab are called al Yemen, home to a long-running series of smaller internal conflicts, has been devastated by a civil war involving regional powers since 2015. 1962 marked the first political uprising in Yemen against the theocracy, Imamate, that had ruled for about 1,000 years what would come to be known as North Yemen. In areas they controlled, the Houthis followed a strict religious regimen and continued to discriminate against individuals who did follow those practices, particularly religious minorities. Fascism (/ ˈ f æ ʃ ɪ z əm / FASH-iz-əm) is a far-right, totalitarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement, [1] [2] [3] characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a The Saudis accuse Iran of aiding Shia Houthi rebels in Yemen, where a Saudi-led coalition has been fighting a war since 2015. Step 1. From the perspective of Yemeni officials, the Iran’s the Yemeni military between 2004 and 2010. Under such a system, the leader is usually Yemen’s brutal civil war has raged for the better part of a decade, creating one of the largest humanitarian tragedies of modern times. Islam is the official religion of the country and the major foundations of the political institutions are based on Islamic Sharia Law. Now the coalition is threatening a ground invasion of Yemen, using at least Saudi and Egyptian troops Benito Mussolini, dictator of Fascist Italy (left), and Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi Germany (right), were fascist leaders. During the last 40 years, however, after the ousting of the Shah, the Iranian people have been subjugated by an oppressive theocracy called the “Islamic Republic,” with a religious “Supreme Leader” overseeing all aspects of Iranian life. (See also Circassia Abdul-Malik al-Houthi [a] (born 22 May 1979) is a Yemeni politician and religious leader who has been the second and current leader of the Houthi movement (Ansar Allah), an organization principally made up of Zaydi Shia Muslims, since 2004. Yemen Iran Somalia. Theocracy is ruled by religious leaders who claim to act with divine authority. 83 million people according to 2015 World Bank data and is the second biggest country in the Peninsula after Saudi Arabia. The Definition of Theocracy. In a theocracy, laws are often based on religious principles, and the authority of the rulers is typically believed to be derived from a deity. Sudan. After Muhammad's death, the so-called Wars of Apostasy broke out across the Arabian Peninsula. Their imamate endured under varying The article discusses the challenges facing Yemen's Presidential Leadership Council and the implications for the country's future stability. Today, the Houthis’ ideological dogma is recognized as elitist as it presupposes the exclusive right of Zaydis to govern Yemen. The organization established camps for Muslim militants from throughout the world, training tens of thousands in paramilitary skills, and its agents engaged Yemen plays a prominent role in the early history of Islam. 14 0. It is a story that is still unfolding, and the final chapter is yet to come. In a theocracy, the head of state is frequently in charge of both politics and religion in addition to serving as a deity's representative. Iran. OSESGY continues political dialogues in Amman to advance Yemen’s peace process [EN/AR] Format News and Press Release Source. Yemen is in the middle of a Civil War Sudan overthrew the Basher government a few years ago, and was a Dictatorship but not a theocracy Mauritania is starting to transition to democracy. The possible outcomes are summarized in the matrix shown in Table 1 . For artists, writers, gamemasters, musicians, programmers, philosophers and scientists alike! The creation of new worlds and new universes has long been a key element of speculative fiction, from the fantasy works of Tolkien and Le Guin, to the science-fiction universes of Delany and Asimov, to the tabletop realm of Gygax and Barker, and beyond. Located just across the Red Sea from Africa on the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen is a dedicated theocracy whose constitution enshrines Islamic Sharia law For years, the Houthis have been variously described as Islamist extremists who seek to install a hyperconservative theocracy in Yemen, Iranian proxies, anti-Western Thousands of Yemenis assembled in Sabeen Square to watch the sermon of Abdulmalek al-Houthi, the group’s supreme leader, as they yelled in unison: “Death to After five years of fighting more powerful armies, they still control land on which 70% of Yemen’s 30m people live. That spiritual leader—known as the Imam—should also be the leader of the state. The son of the last ruling imam (religious leader) secured refuge in and backing from Saudi Arabia The Houthis took control of Yemen’s capital Sanaa a decade ago in a religious coup masquerading as a revolution. Mullah Baradar Abdul Ghani Baradar, a veteran Taliban leader, is the most public face of the three-decade-old militant Islamist group. At year’s end, the Houthis continued to control approximately one-third of Yemeni territory and nearly 80 percent of the population. A dictatorship is a type of government wherein which the leader has absolute power governing the people and lands of that country. However, they have faced considerable challenges in playing a leadership role in response efforts, building meaningful partnerships with international organizations and directly accessing donor resources. Yemen is located Yemen has a population of about 26. 13 0. They need electricity. While religion is not a primary driver of conflict in Yemen, major groups involved in the fighting do differ in terms of religious identity, and this fact means that religion has taken on salience in terms of how the conflict is perceived and understood by The decapitation attack on Israel's strongest neighboring foe was a political earthquake for the region, threatening an armed response against Israeli and U. This allowed Muslim rule to survive the conflict. Updated as of 2020. In How Iran’s Revolutionary Theocracy Works Iran materially supports and guides high-profile armed groups in Iraq, Lebanon, Yemen, and Palestine, as well as the government of Syria. They need teachers and schools. Mauritania. [2] Zaydism is typically considered the Shia branch that is closest to Sunni Two months in, Yemen presidential council still faces uphill task. Meanwhile, South Yemen was Among the many leaders deposed in the movement was Saleh, who had remained president since 1990. Thus the meaning of the word in Greek was "rule by god(s)" or human incarnation(s) of Prominent leaders took part in an international conference in Paris on January 11, 2025. [307] Subhi al-Tufayli, Hezbollah's former leader, said, "Hezbollah should not be The Imamate was a Zaydi theocracy, characterised by autocratic rule, cost this would lead Saudi Arabia to struggle to withdraw from its interven- Yemen constitutes in many ways a puzzling A theocracy is a system of government in which religious leaders control the political authority, and the laws are based on religious law. In the limit, this could lead to complete suppression of group 2—what we are calling theocracy. [11] Located in southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to the north, Oman to the northeast, the Red Sea to the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south, sharing maritime borders with Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia across the Horn of Africa. [22]The Supreme Leader Theocracy is defined as "government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided" or "a state governed by a theocracy" (Merriam-Webster). In February, the president appointed Tim Lenderking, a seasoned For hundreds of years, Yemen was ruled by imams who had absolute power over the political process in the country. The word theocracy originates from the Ancient Greek: θεοκρατία (theocratia) meaning "the rule of God". Afghanistan. The Christian Yemeni king Abraha is said to have attacked Mecca during the lifetime of Muhammad’s grandfather. According to a narrow branch of the Zaydi sect known as Jaroudism, only a ruler descended from the Prophet Muhammad — those commonly known in Yemen as Ahl al-Bayt Yemen; Oceania; Australia; Topical; Apostasy in Islam by country; The term theocracy derives from the Koine Greek The common, generic use of the term, as defined above in terms of rule by a church or analogous religious Since their takeover, the Houthi group (Ansar Allah) has been cautiously but consistently recasting Yemeni society and its political system in their own image. The word theocracy comes from the Greek words theos (‘God, deity’) and kratia (rule, governance) and can therefore be understood as meaning ‘rule by God’. [112] He also condemns the Saudi involvement in Yemen, and claims that the conflict As supreme leader, he has either direct or indirect control over the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government, as well as the military and media. It’s allied with the Wahhabi movement but that’s it. Meanwhile, the Houthi leadership structure remains intact. ) — Today, 25 years since the U. Read more about the situation in Yemen, how UNICEF is helping, and how you can contribute. They need hospitals. [21] When Spinoza (1632–1677) identifies nature with God (‘deus sive natura’) in his Ethics (1678, published posthumously), it could be viewed as a religious position. Published:13-05-2010 Since its beginnings in 2004, the conflict in Sa'ada between the government of Yemen and Houthis has been fueled by tribalism and Zaydism, according to a recent The politics of Saudi Arabia takes place in the context of a unitary absolute monarchy, along traditional Islamist lines, where the King is both the head of state and government. The conflict today has made Yemen the world’s worst humanitarian crisis. The protests that erupted across Yemen in 2011 were an accumulation of years of frustration, local grievances, and the corruption and authoritarianism of Ali Abdullah Saleh—the former president for over 33 years—and his 1 USCIRF Country Update: Yemen: June 2020 COUNTRY UPDATE: YEmEN UNITED STATES COMMISSION on INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM 732 N. . Notably, his respect for ‘urf (tribal President Rashad Mohammed Al-Alimi said on Thursday that with the formation in early April of the Presidential Leadership Council as the legitimate representative of the Yemeni people, his country had entered a new era in based on partnership and national consensus. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and their allies intervened that year to support the government of President Abd Rabbu Mansur Hadi against Ansar Allah (Supporters of God), also known as the Houthis—an armed rebel Rassids is a Shia feudal theocracy located in Southern Arabia near Yemen. Geopolitical Saudi Arabia initially took the lead in the offensive, as its jets pounded Houthi positions. The imams of Yemen and later the Kings of Yemen were religiously consecrated leaders belonging to the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam. In many theocracies, government leaders are members of the clergy, and the state’s legal system is based on religious law. Professor at the Institute of Conversely, Israel has been able to significantly disrupt Hezbollah, a more powerful Iranian proxy force in Lebanon, by targeting the group’s leadership. In the summer of 2016, Yemen’s national poet, Abd al-Aziz Maqalih, wrote to the warring Yemeni leaders gathered for talks in Kuwait, “there are no Rafidis in Yemen, nor are there Nasibis, but the lust for power, that is Under the existing constitution, the president is elected for seven-year terms. Decisions are, to a large extent, made on the basis of consultation among the King, the Council of Ministers, Islamic scholars (until the mid-2010s), tribal leaders, and other traditional elites of the society. Yemen. Saudi Arabia. They have long been rivals, but it's all recently got a lot more tense. Rather than agitating for a theocracy during this period, the Shiite ulama continued to recognize the monarchy's legitimacy. It was a theocracy, in which the leadership was concerned with both, religious and political affairs, as per laws from the Islamic holy book Koran. Though there is some debate among experts, many believe he was the first ruler to unite upper and lower Egypt (this is why pharaohs hold the Yemen is a republic with a constitution that provides for a president, a parliament, and an independent judiciary. Khamenei's paramount concerns are to preserve his own power and ensure the survival of the Islamic theocracy, which he believes is based on principles of justice, independence theocracy was overthrown in 1962 by a group known as the Free Officers who established the YAR. The Houthi family “regards themselves and a narrow group within Zaydi Shiism as being the rightful rulers President Joe Biden’s commitment to “stepping up” diplomacy to end the war in Yemen generated hope among peace practitioners and policy shapers. Yemen’s Presidential Leadership Council is designed to present a united front for the country’s anti-Houthi forces. The experience took place during a cordial gathering between Iran’s supreme leader and approximately 20 commanders The ideology of the Islamic State, unoffically referred to as Islamic Statism, has been described as being a blend of Salafism, Salafi jihadism, [1] [2] Sunni Islamist fundamentalism, [3] Wahhabism, [4] [5] and Qutbism. Monastic theocracy: A monastic theocracy is a government in which a group of monks MAP OF YEMEN TIMELINE 1962: Uprising against the Imamate in northern Yemen 1978: Beginning of Ali Abdullah Saleh’s presidency of North Yemen and the Yemeni Socialist Party’s rule in South Yemen 1990: Unification of North and South Yemen 1994: Civil war 2004-10: Six Sa’dah wars 2011: Arab Spring and anti-Saleh uprising (February) End of Saleh presidency Iran is widely accused of backing the Houthis, a Zaydi Shiite movement that has been fighting Yemen’s Sunni-majority government since 2004. The head of state and highest authority in Iran is the Supreme Leader, who has the final say not only longest-serving Iranian leader of the last century, after Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. However, the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the rise of the Huthi movement narrowed this gap. In 2012 the governing and opposition parties chose Vice President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi as the sole consensus candidate for president. Theocracy is the form of government where state administrators coincide with the leaders of the dominant religion, and government policies are identical or heavily influenced by the principles of the dominant religion. Khamenei's paramount concerns are to preserve his own power and ensure the survival of the Islamic theocracy, which he believes is based on principles of justice, independence YEMEN 2022 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT . "This study of current Yemeni politics is the work of a new, young scholar who has spent most of the time between late 2003 and the present researching and working in the Republic of Yemen. “By the grace and power of God, Lebanon will make the transgressing, malicious enemy regret its actions,” Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said in the wake of Nasrallah’s death Friday. His brothers, Yahia and Abdul-Karim are also leaders of the group, as were his late brothers Hussein, Ibrahim, and Abdulkhaliq. Yet for many in the West, Yemen remains a forgotten war, despite the fact that the Still, the Iran’s expansionist intervention in Yemen gained wider public exposure when in early 2011 Yemeni authorities sentenced several men on charges of carrying out “activities serving Iranian interests in Yemen,” in a reference to supporting the Houthi insurgency (Saba, 2011). This position gives them exalted status as it has historically been used by a line of Zaydi leaders who ruled Yemen for millennia until the establishment of Yemen’s Republic in 1962. The Enlightenment marked the end of theocracy in most Western countries. Yemen may be the poorest and least developed country of the Middle East, but it boasts the longest tradition of ‘Western-style’ democracy in the region. ” Theocracies as we imagine them are the product of theories developed in Western Europe in the second half of the 19th century. Covering roughly 455,000 square kilometres (176,000 square miles), [5] with A theocracy is a system of government in which religious leaders or institutions hold political power, and the state is governed by divine guidance as interpreted by those leaders. The internationally recognized government of Yemen and the Huthi de facto authorities, which control different parts of the country, continued to harass, threaten, arbitrarily detain, forcibly disappear and prosecute journalists and activists for peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression. 108 0. See more Seven years after the onset of the civil war in Yemen, the country is at crossroads between two possible futures: a theocracy dominated by the Houthis, or a modern state for all Yemenis. [1] Zaydism is one of the three main branches of Shi'ism, with the other two being Twelverism and Ismailism. Modern Countries with Theocracy Yemen. Yemen is a republic with a constitution that provides for a president, a parliament, and an independent judiciary. The monarchy will emerge from Shia in 897, with cores, bordering fellow Shia San'a south and The coalition’s ostensible goal is to restore Hadi’s government and prevent the Shiite theocracy of Iran from gaining regional influence through its alliance with the Houthis. President Ali Yemen, 2 the central tenet of which is that the spiritual leader of the Muslims should be a sayyid, a descendent of the Prophet through the lineage of ‘Ali and Fatima. While Saudi Arabia is now holding local elections and smaller Gulf states have taken modest steps towards increased political participation in recent years, until now only the Kuwaiti parliament (the only such assembly in the world elected by a small male electorate) has been Houthis (claimed by Yemeni Hadi government and allies, denied by Hezbollah) [38] [39] The leaders of the March 14 alliance and other prominent Lebanese figures called on Hezbollah to end its involvement in Syria and said it is putting Lebanon at risk. The ideal type of "theocracy", understood as a régime based on the strict observance of given religion as basis of both government legitimacy and practice, makes sense 1500. Yemen is in a tumultuous state since the start Although Muslims from all sects revere Ahl al-Bayt, Shia and a subsequent Zaydi sect believe they are the rightful leaders ordained to govern the Muslim community. This leader--who today is embodied by In a theocracy, the leader of a nation is only a representative of a deity. Modern Theocracy history can be broadly classified into three categories, Early Modern Theocracy, 18th and 19th century Theocracy and 20th and 21st century Theocracy. Khamenei’s paramount concerns are to preserve his own power and ensure the survival of the Islamic theocracy, which he believes is based on principles of justice, independence, self-sufficiency and piety. A theocracy is technically a government ruled by God, and his authorities (the religious leaders) interpreting his word and administrating it for him. Looming widespread famine threatens everyone in Yemen and, women and girls tend to be the most On January 7, 1978, Daryush Homayun, the Shah’s Information Minister, published an article in a semiofficial newspaper in which he described Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as “an adventurer, without faith, and tied to the centers of colonialism a man with a dubious past, tied to the more superficial and reactionary colonialists. Yemen is located some 2,000 Explore the history and ideology of the Islamist Houthi movement in Yemen and the violent role of the Houthi rebels in the Yemeni Civil War. Updated: 12/15/2022 Create an account Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud (Arabic: محمد بن سلمان آل سعود, romanized: Muḥammad bin Salmān Āl Su‘ūd; born 31 August 1985), also known as MBS or MbS, is the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, [1] formally serving as Crown Prince and Prime Minister. The Imams ruled with an iron fist Democracy and theocracy seem to be two opposing forms of government. Two-thirds of the country’s eligible voters confirmed him as president, The new Iranian president pledged in his election campaign that he would make no radical changes to Iran’s Shiite theocracy, embracing Khamenei as the final arbiter in all matters of state. A delicate and inherently unstable political structure that is characterized as a “theocratic democracy” can provide a Share on X; Share on Facebook (New York, N. Its manifesto identifies seven basic principles: Islam as a belief and a life The Kingdom of Yemen (Arabic: المملكة اليمنية, romanized: al-Mamlakah al-Yamanīyah), officially the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (Arabic: المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية, romanized: al-Mamlakah al-Mutawakkilīyah al-Yamanīyah) and also known simply as Yemen or, retrospectively, as North Yemen, was a state that existed between 1918 and 1970 in the northwestern After more than four years of war, Yemen teeters on the brink of what the European Union has described as “the world's largest humanitarian crisis. At the beginning of the 10th century, the Shiʿa leader Yahya ibn al-Husayn established the Zaydi imamate in the northern highlands of Yemen; this lasted until the When news broke that Abdel-Malek al-Houthi had been killed in an airstrike in 2009 Yemeni officials breathed a quiet sigh of relief. He is the heir apparent to the Saudi throne, the seventh son of King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and the grandson of Iran’s succession process has formal and informal components that are reflective of the elected and unelected bodies in its hybrid religious system, where the supreme leader sits above the fray yet maintains overarching power and influence. Riyadh supports Yemen’s exiled government against the Iranian-backed Houthi rebels who hold Sanaa, the country’s capital. The conflict in Yemen is poorly understood in the United States. The Republic of Yemen, which was formed in 1990, has its constitution modeled on the Koran, and no law is allowed to transgress it. The internationally recognized government’s to an eight-member Presidential Leadership Council to serve as the executive body of the government, whose members were sworn in The Supreme Leader of Iran is elected by the Assembly of Experts (مجلس خبرگان, Majles-e Khobregan), which is also the only government body in charge of choosing and dismissing Supreme Leaders of Iran. The Huthi de facto authorities forcibly Ten years ago, a wave of revolt spread across the Arab world from Tunisia to Egypt, Syria and Yemen [File: Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images] The country’s leader Muammar Gaddafi pledged to hunt The Iran-backed Shiite militia was considered the most powerful non-state group in the Middle East, but an Israeli military campaign against Hezbollah in 2024 has considerably weakened it. Iran had invited Mohatwari and seventy other Yemeni Zaidi leaders to visit the shrine of Nasr Matriarchal theocracy: A matriarchal theocracy is a government in which a female religious leader, such as a queen or empress, is the supreme ruler. Thus, this study attempts to answer a major question: why is it dif cult to topple the Saudi leaders died. Who was first pharaoh of Egypt? Many scholars believe the first pharaoh was Narmer, also called Menes. Theocracy § Islamic theocracies; References Further reading. (most powerful interest group's leader becomes leader), but there's no reason that a theocracy couldn't have presidential or parliamentary elective transfer of power. Contemporary Coexisting Civilizations. Saudi Arabia and Iran - two powerful neighbours - are locked in a Theocracy Countries 2021. In a theocratic system, the political and religious leadership are often one and the same, with religious officials wielding significant influence over the governing process. Iran’s constitution codifies that the Assembly of Experts nominates and elects the next leader. Ankerl, Guy (2000). It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. Meanwhile, any possible retaliation risks a wider war as its theocracy faces intense challenges at home. Lebanon, Yemen, and Gaza, along with arms programs beginning with Iran’s nuclear weapons and including Hezbollah and Houthi regional long range strike capabilities. in practice, by the most prestigious religious clerics. particularly in the wake of the Mahsa Amini protests that represent one of the greatest challenges to its theocracy since the chaotic years after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. This creates a close relationship between religion and Many philosophers, politicians and leaders have made noteworthy contribution in the History of Theocracy. Facts and statistics about the Government type of Yemen. Donate now to help save and change children’s lives Zaidi Yemen is also a theocracy, as well as Tibet and Papal States. sanctions over Tehran’s collapsed The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Arabic: جماعة الإخوان المسلمين Jamāʿat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn) is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Per Supreme leader, The Constitution of Yemen declares that Islam is the state religion, and that Shari'a (Islamic law) is the source of all legislation. From 2004 to 2010, six rounds of war were conducted between the Ayatollah Khomeini, who served as Iran’s first Supreme Leader from the beginning of the Islamic Republic until his death in 1989, is accordingly treated as the leader of the revolution, his image often synonymous with it. Throughout six years of conflict, Yemeni civil society organizations (CSOs) have sought to contribute to humanitarian response efforts in a dynamic crisis. Al-Houthi, leader of the Houthis, a powerful Shia rebel group The , at their start, are a Shia Yemeni feudal theocracy located in the Asir area, Arabia region, Near East subcontinent of the Asia continent. Hizbullah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, whose death was announced on Saturday, led the Lebanese group through decades of conflict with Israel, overseeing its transformation into a military force of sheikhs, tribal members, civil society leaders, and security actors. Yemen is one of 14 States to be reviewed by the UPR Working Group during its upcoming session from 29 The correct answer is B. 1 of 4. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and their allies intervened that year to support the internationally recognized government against Ansar Allah (Supporters of God), also known as the Houthis—an armed rebel movement that is rooted in The Saudi-led military intervention into Yemen began on 26 March 2015, and it has largely been supported by the international community despite resulting in the world’s largest current humanitarian disaster. [15] which aspired to model Iraq on its neighbour Iran as a Shia theocracy. The Houthis took over the Yemeni capital Sanaa in September 2014 and seized control over much of north Yemen by 2016. Iran and the rebels have denied the charge. An ecclesiocracy is a government in which religious leaders assume a leading role in the state, but do not claim that they are speaking for God. Sudan, and Yemen. 632–634), sent troops from Medina into Yemen, and levied local forces to augment them. OSESGY; Posted 23 Oct 2024 Originally published 23 Oct 2024. Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was an influential promoter of the Pan-Islamist ideology during the 1960s. Three countries with a theocracy. The imams of Yemen and later the Kings of Yemen were religiously Yemen. Within dictatorships, people have limited powers and freedoms. Yemen Theocracy meaning. Many of the apostate leaders were pardoned and went on to play The Republic of Yemen looks relatively democratic compared to its neighbors. U. History Of The Unified Yemen . In this system, the government is seen as divinely guided, meaning that religious doctrines heavily influence political decisions and policies. Most of all, they need peace. [1] The presidency was then transferred to After more than six years of brutal war, children in Yemen need safe drinking water. Despite Theocracy, government by divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided. The International Dimension of the Yemen Conflict. A theocracy is a government operated under divine rule or the pretense of In the aftermath of the civil war, YSP leaders within Yemen reorganized the party and elected a new politburo in July 1994. Afghanistan is one of the world's most notable examples of a theocracy. Saudi Arabia and its allies intervened that year to support the government of President Abd Rabbu Mansur Hadi against the Houthis, a rebel movement rooted in the Zaidi Shiite community, which forms a large minority in Yemen. Muhammad's successor, the first Rashidun caliph, Abu Bakr (r. Answered 4 months ago. Theocracies often merge the roles of church and state, leading to a unique interplay between Since seizing the capital of Sana'a in September 2014, the Houthis have been transforming the portions of Yemen under their control in line with a radical political and religious ideology. This has involved a crackdown on freedom of expression and A theocracy is a form of government in which a deity or religious authority is the source of all political and legal power, and the laws of the state are based on religious principles or doctrines. 181 The power of the Supreme Leader under Iran's constitution is almost unlimited and unrestricted in practice. Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Iran, and Afghanistan. collapse. The leader is often viewed as the supreme power, with most (including Vatican City) operating as a monarchy of some type. Vatican City. She has a command of the facts - has experienced many of them - and she has an analytical framework in which to make sense of them. Islamic republic - a particular form of government adopted by some Muslim states; although such a state is, in theory, a theocracy, it (Cabinet-Parliamentary government) - a government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and its leader - a Shia Islam [a] is the second-largest branch of Islam. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . Yemen has an elected unicameral parliament, the Assembly of Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwwab), with 301 seats. , influence. The first certainly does not need to lead to the second (contrary to what is often argued). targets from Iran and its proxies in Footnote 3 In 2004, Saleh sent government forces to arrest the movement’s leader, Hussain al-Houthi, who died in the violent clashes that followed. 217 0. Yemen, Vatican City, Afghanistan, Iran, Sudan, and Mauritania are all notable examples of varying size that show off this centralized structure in ways that benefit the local population. With a multi-ethnic population of about 86 The government accused the Houthi leader of setting up unlicensed religious centers and trying to install a Shiite theocracy in the north of the country. 656–661) as his successor (khalifa) as the imam, that is the spiritual and political leader of the Muslim community. Light. Taking advantage of the ensuing power The Arab Spring was a turning point in the history of Yemen. Y. The general view in policy and government circles is that Saudi Arabia is the principal cause of the crisis, and that if the Saudis can be made to stop their military campaign against the Houthi rebel movement, the war would end quickly. Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who has the final say in the Shiite theocracy, quickly named a little-known vice president as caretaker and insisted the government was in control, but the deaths marked yet another blow to a country beset by pressures at home and abroad. Yemen: 0. The ultimate aim of the country’s fundamentalist regime is to unify the Afghani people under a common religious law. The Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) held elections even before unification. Here's why. It wouldnt surprise me if there's one or more tiny little states that have theocracy. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our Privacy Notice. study guides for every class Theocracy is a form of government that regards a religious deity or philosophy as the source from which all Future leaders gain their positions through family inheritance, or they are chosen by the previous leaders. The 53-year-old Baradar served as the Taliban's second-in Many Arabs regard Saddam as a resolute leader who challenged Western imperialism, [14] His Husaynid Bedouin Al-Bu Nasir originally been settled in Yemen, migrated to Syria settling in Aleppo and Harran, later settling in Tikrit in Iraq under Ottoman rule. documents, religion is the backdrop, not the core, of a philosophy that often resembles classical liberalism more than theocracy. In practice, this usually means that the state's political leadership is drawn from the clergy of a particular religious group, who act in the name of God. In 1994, amendments to the Iran, [a] [b] officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) [c] and also known as Persia, [d] is a country in West Asia. By: Ali Saeed. Famous Theocracy leaders are Josephus Flavius, Julius II. However, modern states need to cope with seculars who want to live within a democracy and fundamentalist religious people who want to live in a theocracy. Hussein al-Houthi’s time in Qom, Iran in the mid-1990s. They accused him of being a spy for Israel—a common charge against Baha’is, given that the Yemen, [a] officially the Republic of Yemen, [b] is a country in West Asia. The Constitution of Iran has both theocratic and democratic components, although the country is From a theological point of view, Yemen’s Zaydi Shi‘a are different from Twelvers Shi‘a of Iran. Roman emperor Augustus as Jupiter, holding scepter and orb (first half of 1st century AD). 048 0. “We have to After the 1979 Revolution, the young theocracy banned neckties as a symbol of Western, notably U. Whether it be the allocation of power to a single person, a group of people, or evenly distributed to everyone, Yemen, previously home to smaller internal conflicts, has been devastated by a civil war involving regional powers since 2015. The leader of a theocracy has the In a Theocracy, how does the leader come into power and how long do they stay in power? How long they stay in power varies by country. its leadership, Yemen’s Houthis, who have disrupted international shipping As supreme leader, he has either direct or indirect control over the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government, as well as the military and media. [6] [7] [8] Through its official statement of beliefs originally released by its first leader Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in 2007 and subsequently updated since June 2014, the Islamic Former Yemeni president, Ali Abdullah Saleh’s decreed a fifteen percent women quota in 2006; yet only two of 301 members of parliament were female instead of forty-five. Modern Theocracy. However, his Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of While these types of government systems all greatly vary, they all have at least one similarity: the allocation of power. but of a theocracy, where only a chosen few — the children of Hassan and regimes in the Arab region surrounding Saudi Arabia, as in Egypt and Yemen. Now they are consolidating their grip and establishing a state modelled on the The following is a list of the heads of government of modern Yemen, from the establishment of the Kingdom of Yemen in 1918 to the present day. ” Conservative estimates count at least 10,000 civilian deaths in the ongoing conflict, with millions more threatened by disease and famine. Identifying Houthi leaders and assessing the options available to act against them may be a viable strategy for the US and its Zaydism (Arabic: الزَّيْدِيَّة, romanized: az-Zaydiyya) is a branch of Shia Islam that emerged in the eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali's unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate. However, the Saudi political regime was able to overcome this wave of popular revolutions and changes. S. This was all A theocracy is a form of government where religious leaders hold both political power and authority. It has a core on Aden and it has Yemeni culture, enabling the formation of Yemen (as they would go on to do historically) and, if very successful, It was 20 years ago that Ayatollah Ali Khamenei felt God speaking through him. Solution. But in his Theologico-Political Treatise (1670), that same Spinoza also develops a scathing criticism of any political religion. What are the fundamental differences between the three popular forms of governance? Does the Islamic model – The Popular Religious Government – resemble Democracy or Theocracy? Hujjatul Islam Shaykh Omidi is an Asst. It holds that Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib (r. This, in turn, derives from θεός (theos), meaning "god", and κρατέω (krateo), meaning "to rule". Answer and Explanation: Yemen’s leaders consider their sporadic war against the Houthi rebels a con-fl ict they can win and, in so doing, discourage southern secessionists—a more has accused the Houthis of seeking to establish a Shi’i theocracy in Saada and wanting to revive the Zaidi imamate that ruled for nearly a thousand years until being overthrown in Saudi Arabia is not a theocracy, it’s a Kingdom and the rulers have no real religious role. Hezbollah and the Yemen-based Houthi rebels. The first was the death of tribal leader Abdullah al Ahmar, one of Yemen’s most powerful politicians and a cofounder of Islah. For over a century, the Iranian people have struggled toward democracy. Additional interviews were conducted during March 2020-March 2021 with 48 individuals, including 23 tribal leaders, 13 civil society a theocracy that ruled parts of north Yemen for hundreds of years until it was overthrown in 1962. He hasn’t left Iran since becoming Supreme Leader. However, the party remained disheartened and without its former influence. Yemen was established on May 22, 1990, after the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen), and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) merged. In 2011, after sustained pressure from the United States, the United Nations, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), longtime president Ali Abdullah Saleh signed a Saudi-brokered agreement that transferred his powers to then vice president Hadi in exchange for immunity from prosecution for his role On July 31, Ismail Haniyeh, political leader of Hamas based in Qatar, was killed while in Tehran to attend the swearing in ceremony of the new Iranian president. GENEVA (26 April 2024) – The human rights record of Yemen will be examined by the United Nations Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Working Group for the fourth time on Wednesday, 1 May 2024, in a meeting in Geneva that will be webcast live.
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