Still, recyclers might pay anywhere from $50 to $250 for catalytic converters. STEP 3: LOCATE THE ENGINE FAMILY NUMBER. California and New York E. Must be divided in two sections for OBD II and pre-OBD II vehicles. View related parts. To determine the scrap value of a catalytic converter based on its serial number, you can follow these steps: Locate the serial number on your converter and note it down. Speaking purely in numbers, that’s at least $700 in precious metals alone, but there’s a catch. Trusted To Quote 1000s of Cats Daily. You Save: $ 107. Start recycling on your way to a more environmentally friendly future and an increased profit margin by getting our Catalytic Converter Database. Replacement emissions parts are expensive often costing hundreds of dollars, not to mention the labor to replace them. ( July 18th, 2024, 8:00 am ) Metal/Material. Diagnosing a plugged converter is fairly easy, but diagnosing converter efficiency requires tapping into the OBD II system with a scan tool to check for codes and to compare the upstream and downstream O2 sensor readings. Vehicle Application Catalog (VAC) Must be specific to California applications. For proper emissions compliance, the part must be installed in only the listed Test Group vehicles according to the rules set fourth in the associated Executive Order Search for CARB Compliance. The value can range from $50 to $250, or more for certain models containing precious metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium. Found generally in two different places, catalytic converters, and jewelry. Nov 3, 2023 · An NYPD officer places a sticker with a unique serial number onto a catalytic converter at a crime prevention event in the Staten Island borough of New York City on Friday, April 14, 2023. This can also be called the Emission Family Code or Test Group Number. Other Name: Converter Assembly, 3Way Catalytic (W/Exhaust Pipe); Converter & Pipe, Front Pipe. Davico Manufacturing’s EPA Direct Fit Catalytic Converters are made to high standards to replace a failed, damaged or missing original equipment (OE) Catalytic Converter. The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst, forming N 2. VIEW METAL DETAILS. Dec 15, 2023 · At moderate operation, the catalytic converter can serve up to 200 000 km, at bad operation and poor quality fuel service life can be reduced by half. Real Toyota catalytic converters meet all of Toyota’s specs for performance. You can find them on the body of the Catalytic Converter either in the middle, top, side, or on the outer rim. Vehicle categories: PC-1 - Pre-OBD II passenger cars with one catalytic converter per exhaust bank; PC-2 -Pre-OBD II passenger cars with more than one catalytic Make sure you utilize your scrap converters effectively. Honda catalytic converter scrap values are usually $72. Price. For California and New York, CARB Exectuvie Orders are required approval documents for aftermarket catalytic converters and any aftermarket part that may interfere with the vehicle emissionns controls. The number indicates the weight of the converter in grams Jul 2, 2024 · This online catalytic converter price book comes with pictures and you can conveniently look up the value of your spent catalytic converters either by car brand or catalytic converter manufacturers. When you download our app, performing a catalytic converter price lookup by serial number is easier than The FordPass App. Because these metals have a high recycle value, catalytic converter theft has Chevrolet Cruze 3Way Catalytic Convertor Assembly (W/Exhaust Pipe) Part Number: 94529345. Jul 8, 2024 · Identifying Scrap Ford Catalytic Converters & Common Serial Numbers. They are made to be easily installed with just basic tools as a direct fit replacement which will function as did the OE Converter when in spec. Get the actual prices for catalysts based on stock quotations of precious metals. Better or worse gas mileage is one of the symptoms of a poor catalytic converter. You may reach the states parts hotline at (800) 622-7733. Check 30-day price chart for Catalytic Converters and learn when to hold or sell your scrap metal. High or low fuel consumption. Whether you are completing a commercial vehicle Oct 3, 2019 · https://rrcats. Other Name: Converter Assembly, 3Way Catalytic (W/ Exhaust Front Man; Catalytic Converter, Converter & Pipe. The next section in this buyer’s guide about how to buy a catalytic converter goes over the difference between these two designs. Ted Nov 5, 2023 · A catalytic converter at an auto body shop in San Rafael, Calif. GEN1 Advanced G-Sport UHO EPA - Core Only. Add to Cart. But if it comes from a hybrid vehicle, that range jumps to $800 to $1,500. 96 , $ 60. It converts around 98% of the harmful fumes produced by a car engine into less harmful gases. Other Name: Manifold, Exhaust. CARB / EPA approval details - Lookup Part #. 00/oz. A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction. May 21, 2024 · Thieves hope to make a big payday by melting down the precious metals found in the anti-pollution devices – namely, platinum, palladium and rhodium. Ones from hybrid vehicles can sell for up to $1,400. Choose whether to purchase a direct-fit or universal-fit design. 3. With the most popular vehicles in the US (the F150, of course) in Ford's fleet,…. Feb 21, 2024 · Here are some common causes of catalytic converter clogging: Contaminated Fuel. Once underneath, inspect the exhaust system and follow the exhaust pipe from the Jan 3, 2023 · Ford has multiple codes on its catalytic converters. Check out our database of catalytic converter part numbers, pictures, and prices. Approval. com for up-to-date & accurate information on vehicle recalls. AP Emissions has the accessories you need to easily complete or enhance your exhaust or catalytic converter installation. $751. 65/each. We are adding newly sampled converters daily! Simply type in a portion of the code in the code in the search engine or browse by manufacturer of category. To get a quote sooner, attach photos of any serial numbers and an overhead pic of the catalytic converter (s). Click or drag files to this area to upload. The two most popular options are ConverterDatabase and Eco Cat. 8Y. com. If your vehicle is involved in a recall, contact The catalytic converter with the given number | 115220632000 47514 has the corresponding monolith type Ceramic + Ceramic. Example: KT0121 = different ranges. 13 Kč , € 55. 44. Consider using a catalytic converter protection device. Aug 4, 2023 · Palladium has a price of $2,049 per ounce or $65 per gram. $1,001. 15 MSRP: $994. . Get the wholesale-priced Genuine OEM Honda Catalytic Converter for 2002 Honda CR-V at To find the scrap value of a particular catalytic converter, you must examine the cat converter itself and look for its serial number. Vehicle Specific. 85032. You Save: $ 1057. Check aftermarket, performance, or add-on parts for compliance with anti-smog rules. If your vehicle's catalytic converter is showing signs of wear or isn't functioning at its peak, selling it for scrap might be a good choice. O. May 25, 2023 · 1. After the 5E212, other numbers on the catalytic converter will enable you to identify your converter. Not all catalytic converters have numbers. MagnaFlow California CARB Compliant Universal Catalytic Converter 2. An example of this is in the photo below this GM Catalytic Converter has the serial number: 25129701. There’s really no better catalytic converter app on the market. Select the Configuration of Your Converter. $1,22899. Pictures display the front and back of the converter, number stamp, and approximate biscuit weight. AV. 71. Part Number: 17141-75080. $4,400. Its mere presence on the part may also stop a thief from taking it in the first place. An aftermarket CAT must posses a valid EO (executive order number) and must have been tested and approved for use with a specific engine family. Warranty: This genuine part is guaranteed by Kia's factory warranty. It is composed of a metal housing with a ceramic honeycomb-like interior with insulating layers. 17. Jan 3, 2023 · What Honda Catalytic Converters Look Like Below are pictures of each of the common varieties. Regardless of whether you own a Chevy, GMC, or Cadillac, General Motors marks their catalytic converters using the same method across all of its brands. You can use this tool to quickly look up the value of your converter and get a quote from a buyer. National Catalytic Converter Average. SKU # 245983. Order catalytic converter locks for each of your vehicles Mar 2, 2023 · If you get a meager amount of exhaust coming out, you might have a clogged catalytic converter. Dec 19, 2022 · https://rrcats. Make sure to use jack stands or ramps to support the vehicle securely. e. Jan 22, 2018 · if your dismantler can only fit 80 converters in the box, due to pipes or the size of the box, and you get paid $7,500, your true average is $93. Test Groups and Engine Families listed with the CARB System. Converters typically fail one of two ways: they get too hot, melt and plug up, or the catalyst becomes contaminated and useless. The arrow indicates the proper installation direction based on airflow. Apr 6, 2023 · Step 1: Locate the code associated with your catalytic converter. Jan 3, 2023 · Identifying Serial Numbers on GM Catalytic Converters. This helps determine the value and the number of biscuits in each converter, it is so important that when trying to get an accurate quote , you send a picture of the whole converter from top to bottom. 09 ( 30%) Check the fit. The weight of the converter can be found by looking at the serial number, which will typically include a number followed by a letter. Add Buyers, Sellers, and Suppliers to your organization. Step 2: Enter this code into an online code lookup tool such as OBD-Codes. You Feb 21, 2023 · Catalytic converters, located between the engine and the muffler, cut down on the harmful chemicals emitted by vehicles. Dodge catalytic converter scrap values are usually $84. Location: CARB. What kind of catalytic converter do I have? Catalytic converters come in several types, each designed to meet specific emission reduction needs and engine configurations. Jan 3, 2023 · An easy way to identify aftermarket versus OEM converters is through appearance. Your safety is our priority. 38 MSRP: $1916. Not only on Mercedes Benz but all cats, the “0” you ConverterDatabase. 56 – $453. Dec 24, 2022 · Having the vehicle identification number (VIN) on the catalytic converter makes it possible to track down the part if it is stolen. 48 Catalytic Converters found. Fits the following 2002 Honda CR-V Submodels: 5 Door EX, 5 Door EX (2WD), 5 Door EX (4WD), 5 Door LX (2WD), 5 Door LX (4WD), 5 Door SE | KA 4AT, KA 5AT, KA 5MT. 60 MSRP: $353. Often people send us messages with the letter “O” instead of the number “0” (zero). Jan 3, 2023 · List of Common Serial Numbers for Mitsubishi Catalytic Converters. Some high-value examples include the Ford F250 Kia Niro CONVERTER ASSY-WARM. 3 days ago · Email To Request Quote. The serial number is often etched onto a metal plate or directly onto the casing of the converter. The tag may be missing due to exposure to the elements or accident damage. Select the Recall tile. Be aware of your surroundings and report any suspicious activity to the authorities. To Learn more about our tools, contact an account specialist on (702) 844-8842 or via the contact form below. The average number of catalytic converter thefts per month in the state is down more than 25% this year. Thieves can make anywhere from $25 to $300 for a standard catalytic converter, experts say. Palladium Market Price. You Save: $ 243. , platinum, palladium, and rhodium. Part # 5561205. To locate it, you will need to get under the car safely. With this resource at hand, you can make informed decisions about whether to buy or sell scrap converters. January 3rd, 2023. Locate CARB approved catalytic converters by searching your Engine Family or Test Group found on the emissions compliance sticker under the vehicle's hood. Part Number: 2853008450. if your dismantler can fit 120 converters in the box, and you get paid $7,500, your true average is $62. There are many reasons that can cause the catalytic converter to clog up, including bad gasoline, increased engine oil consumption, coolant leaks from the intake or a head gasket. Typically, the plate on the converter will display a serial code consisting of eight numbers. The value of these metals per Jan 29, 2024 · A catalytic converter number lookup is a process of identifying and verifying the specific catalytic converter used in a vehicle. Find the Serial Number. $1227. 12. Listing organized to allow look-up of catalytic converter by specific vehicle application. Inlet Gasket Included: No. The Catalytic Converter Connections app provides accurate, up-to-date information on vehicle converter prices from industry scientists. Clogging up of the catalytic converter. Check corners, under shields, and down pipes for numbers. Part Number: 15943288. Alternate Fuel Retrofit Systems. To become a supplier, contact us today! **. Dec 25, 2023 · Tom Harbid. this article serves as a free catalytic converter price guide. For example: 2NO => N 2 + O 2 or 2NO 2 => N 2 + 2O 2. 2. Product Description. This can usually be found on a label attached to the unit itself or in an owner’s manual. The Engine Family Number (EFN) is displayed on every VECI label. Thieves are good at spotting scrap cat converters that they can quickly turn into money. A standard catalytic converter only has a few grams of each of these metals. For Executive Orders regarding: Catalytic Converters. They have 8 to 11-digit serial numbers. Jan 15, 2024 · Certain catalysts (catalytic converters) may contain different values of those elements. Shop wholesale-priced OEM Ford Transit Catalytic Converters at FordPartsGiant. You simply input your catalytic converter's serial number into one of these search methods and it will know what the value of metals should be in that part. $72. You Save: $ 689. In most vehicles, the catalytic converter is located underneath the vehicle, along the exhaust pipe. From individual buyers to multi-million dollar recycling operations, they all trust CatPricer. Product Specifications. They can answer any of your catalytic converter or any other Toyota questions. Contact Us : Live Chat or 1-888-788-9341 Jan 3, 2023 · Below are some general tips for identifying the Mercedes Benz cats you may have. Get real-time access to catalytic converter pricing, Search Converters by OEM number, Identify Converters by Grade, and verify units with 360 pictures. To quickly determine the scrap value of a catalytic converter by its serial number, use online databases or apps like Eco Cat, Ecotrade Group, or Cat DB. This exemption is Nov 25, 2023 · Finally, the value of the catalytic converter scrap can be determined by multiplying the current market price of the metal by the weight of the converter. Other Name: Catalytic Converter; Converter & Pipe. Catalytic Converters bought and sold. 1 catalytic converter pricing app. GM does a nice job of stamping the serial numbers on their Catalytic Converters. Checkif this fits your 2015 Hyundai Elantra. While the market value of these metals has decreased, they Dec 11, 2023 · Look up your VIN and have it engraved into your catalytic converter. Use the convenient Walker online parts lookup tool to find the exact Walker exhaust parts that match your next repair need. Navigate to the Service screen. 63. FordPass will open the Ford Recall page with information specific to your VIN. Nissan Three Way Catalytic Converter. Knowing where to find the GM serial numbers will help o Jun 10, 2024 · In this article, you’ll learn the following: GM catalytic converter scrap values are usually $80. Check VIN number for all available recall solutions. 1 day ago · Catalytic Converters. If the catalytic converter has a silver metal casing on it with an arrow, that typically means it is aftermarket. We would recommend contacting the State's Emissions Parts Hotline to get help locating an aftermarket catalytic converter for your vehicle. There is a preview of codes, prices and photos. Webinar Workshop (08/24/16): To discuss proposed amendments to the Evaluation Procedures for New Aftermarket Catalytic Converters, incorporating LEV III Standards and Test Here you can see our selected catalytic converters in our detailed catalogue. 53MSRP: $1143. 6. Light Duty Car or Truck. 61. $2563. A catalytic converter is an essential emissions control part and is a key component inspected during a Smog Check. Compare the flow to a similar car if possible. 3000 Bells Road Richmond, Virginia 23234. Once you have located the catalytic converter, look for any engraved or stamped markings on its surface. 73. Thus we get an average of 150,000 kilometers or 100,000 mileage of catalyst service life. GM. iPhone Screenshots. pt $32. 85042. To ensure proper fit and determine the state-mandated aftermarket replacement converter, this is a necessary step in the application lookup process. For Executive Orders regarding: MagnaFlow’s offers a variety of OEM Grade catalytic converters built to the standards of a vehicle’s stock converter. LEARN MORE. The device from the car manufacturer Chrysler is made in the quality working conditions of the country of manufacture. It contains rare metals responsible for converting smog-causing pollutants that pass through a vehicle’s exhaust system into less harmful compounds. Our line includes exhaust clamps, brackets, flanges, gaskets, connectors, reducers, adaptors, muffler and exhaust pipe shields, rain caps, chrome and stainless tips. $200M+. To determine the correct catalytic converter part number for your vehicle, you will need its make, model, model year, engine size and test group/engine family designation. It involves accessing databases or consulting professionals to retrieve information about the converter based on its unique identification number. 25in 5561205. I agree to the purchase terms. Catalytic converter prices could vary anywhere between $300 and $3,000 depending on the car model and maker. Vehicle make, model year, model, displacement, engine family and emission standards. The truth is, if you don’t count the units before you sell, or if you rely on your Jun 8, 2023 · Step 2: Underneath the Vehicle. Sep 10, 2021 · To ensure that you select the right converter for your vehicle, the first step is to locate the vehicle emissions control information (VECI) tag, which can be found on or near the underside of the hood, the suspension tower or the radiator shroud. Note: This tile will only appear if there is an active recall on your vehicle. , last year. $246. It may be a combination of letters, numbers, or a combination of both. You can upload up to 20 files. Jan 15, 2024 · Thanks to many years of experience, he has become an expert in the assessment and classification of automotive catalytic converters, which formed the basis for the creation of the website autocatalystmarket. 53. Ask an auto repair shop about this service. 219. Common Ford Catalytic Converter Serial Numbers. Acura; Alfa Romeo; American Motors; Aston Martin; Audi; Avanti; BMW; Bentley; Bertone . ** Our database is currently only available to existing LEGEND suppliers. 4. Kwik-Cat is Phoenix Group Metals' propriety online converter database. Sep 20, 2022 · To learn more about our process and our team, you can reach out to us by calling us at (866) 924-4608 or by visiting our home page click on the free instant online offer. Save yourself the $100 to $400 cost to replace a catalytic converter plus the headache of a DIY project or trip to the auto body shop. Palladium is most commonly found inside of catalytic converters and can only be refined to get the actual amount taken out and paid for. We have over 4,735! individually sampled converters including their serial numbers. 25 ( 36%) Check the fit. Platinum has a price of $977 per ounce or $31 per gram. Average price for catalytic converters in the US. Current Price. Highway Motorcycle Critical Emission Control Parts. 12 – $1,125. Sep 14, 2023 · The catalytic converter is the most expensive part of a car due to the material it is made of, i. Toyota Tacoma Exhaust Manifold. Carefully examine the converter from various Chevrolet Malibu 3Way Catalytic Convertor Assembly (W/ Exhaust Front Man. Part Number: 18160-PPA-A00. 5. Methodology For this study, Bumper analyzed 2019 and 2020 insured catalytic converter theft data from the National Insurance Crime Bureau and, January 2019 through October 2023 search data from Google to make its findings. Sep 2, 2019 · Plus, you can even ship your catalytic converter to the car recycling center through the mail. Each of these catalytic converters features durable stainless-steel construction and is produced using advanced CNC precision robotic manufacturing techniques, all backed by MagnaFlow’s Limited 25,000-mile emissions warranty and 5-year, 50,000-mile construction warranty. Research the specific precious metal content of that particular make and model. Catalyst Number. com is an online database of catalytic converters based on XRF values. Shop with us! Simply search by make, model, or serial number to get an estimate of its worth. Example: “5E212” looks like a code but is generally a very generic number for them. AHE. Jul 12, 2024 · Rhodium Market Price. Sep 28, 2023 · Metals in the catalytic converter make it one of the most valuable parts of a car. Somewhere in its body, you will find the serial number, typically composed of 5 to 12-digit/characters. 85002. This can happen if you fill up your vehicle with low-quality fuel or fuel that contains impurities. 2-3 sets of numbers/codes will be listed. 56 – $312. 50. Vehicle owners were invited to get their vehicle identification numbers etched onto their vehicle’s catalytic converters to identify what car they came from should they be Cat DB is the No. 82 – $911. Nov 7, 2023 · The average catalytic converter contains about 1-2 grams of rhodium, about 3-7 grams of platinum, and between 2 and 7 grams of palladium. If the EO number matches the vehicle category information, the catalyst application is correct. 48. You can also search the year, make, and model here . YQ. Apr 17, 2023 · This serial number is typically a 10-12 digit, such as 4A61-6X511-PR. How do you know how much you'll get paid for your catalytic converter? Get this: Look up the car recycling center's website online to see their pricing and other important information. Ecotrade Group has an app called Eco Cat that provides access to over 20,000 scrap catalytic converter codes with prices and pictures. On average, a catalytic converter contains 3-7 grams of platinum, 2-7 grams of palladium, and 1-2 grams of rhodium. Replaces: 22780528, 13252428. 2M+. Warranty coverage depends on the type of vehicle and the emissions component. Emissions-related components are warranted for 3 years of 50,000 miles, whichever comes first. All values are set In less than a minute, a thief armed with a power saw can rip off your catalytic converter with plans to sell it to a chop shop for its precious metals. Body Height: 5in. Aug 20, 2023 · A catalytic converter is a simple device that uses basic redox reactions to reduce the pollutants a car makes. To check for recalls in the FordPass App: Open the FordPass App. com - Tom shares tips on identifying the serial numbers from a GM catalytic converter. OEM catalytic converters come with a manufacturer’s warranty. com or AutoZone’s Code Lookup Tool. This price will also change if the catalytic converter is a used one and not a brand-new one. These impurities can build up in the catalytic converter and eventually cause clogging. Compare the Executive Order (EO) number stamped on the catalytic converter to this list. Part Number: 208A3-EA21B. Being at the forefront of the catalytic converter recycling industry, we commit to provide you with the most complete and comprehensive catalytic Jan 23, 2024 · Smith Iron & Metal. Year Warranty. Spray paint your catalytic converter a bright color. Catalytic Converter number , manufactured by Lookup, has been approved for use in the below test groups according to the listed Executive Orders. Most Direct Fit Converters The very easiest way to find out the potential scrap value of your catalytic converter is by using an app or an online search. Be sure you're getting the best price by comparing all different CARB compliant brands and part numbers. Aftermarket Catalytic Converter Database. Vehicle Search; EO Search; Make . 75; or. The price is calculated based on XRF values which are based on current market values and computed every 15 minutes. Catalytic converter scrap prices can vary widely, from $300 up to $3,000, depending on the car's make and model. Contaminated fuel can cause damage to your catalytic converter. Visit Subaru. 1407. The photo on the left shows a clogged up catalytic converter from one of the cars we repaired. com/ - In this video, Tom explains some places you may find a serial number on a catalytic converter especially if it has a shield on it. In fact, most websites will give you a quote as well. It highlights the catalytic converter scrap value by serial number. 08 MSRP: $3620. Ford catalytic converter scrap values are usually $47. Jan 21, 2022 · That said, a stolen converter won’t fetch a price anywhere near that astronomical figure. You’ll have access to amazing features, such as over 15,000 codes, current PGM prices, and adjustable margins. Oil or Feb 20, 2024 · Catalytic converters are essential parts of your car, situated under the vehicle to help cut down on harmful emissions from the engine. At Olathe Toyota Parts Center, you get expert help from our friendly, experienced parts staff. All fit 2015-2019 Ford Transit and more. GEN1 Advanced G-Sport UHO EPA. T2. If the part or modification is shown to not increase vehicle emissions, it is granted an exemption to emission control system anti-tampering laws. Other Name: Converter Assy-Catalyst ; Three Way Catalyst; Catalytic Converter, Preconverter. It depends on types, emission control standards (Euro 3-6), and car brands. They contain high-value precious metals. Aftermarket, Performance, and Add-On Parts Regulations. READ MORE. Mar 14, 2024 · When an NO or NO 2 molecule contacts the catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in the form of O 2. Select emissions-related components are warranted for 7 years or 70,000 miles, whichever comes first. Price available for United States & Canada. 01 ( 31%) Check the fit. Search 19,000 cat listings with high res photos of every angle, 28 specs, and all-new 3D model view. 38 ( 25%) Check the fit. May 1, 2019 · 1-888-907-7225. Catalytic converters are usually used with internal combustion engines fueled by gasoline or diesel, including lean-burn engines, and GEN1 Advanced - Ultra High Output - EPA CompliantG-Sport Catalytic Converters(Up to 2016 model year) NEW Part Number. They’re smartly placed near the engine for quick start-up and efficient gas conversion, all while being part of the exhaust pipe system to manage those emissions effectively. Exempted parts are add-on or modified parts that have undergone a CARB engineering evaluation. They will often be graded as medium foreign catalytic converters. Some everyday things that most Mitsubishi converters will have are 2- or 3-digit serial numbers and the triangular Mitsubishi logo on the shield or body. $766. Catalytic Converter Guide is the ultimate guide and database of over 10,000 catalytic converter codes with prices and pictures from leading brands including GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda and many more. Replaces: 208A3-EA200, 208A3-EA20A, 208A1-EA200, 208A3-EA20B. Conduct an online search to identify the make and model of the converter using the serial number. 40. Heavy Duty Truck. See current scrap price for Catalytic Converters as of July 17, 2024. 16 hours ago · Auto Check Automotive, in partnership with Central Vancouver Island Crime Stoppers and Nanaimo RCMP, held an an anti-catalytic converter theft event on Saturday, July 13. When you download our app, performing a catalytic converter price lookup by serial number is easier than ever. Consider engraving your vehicle's VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) on the catalytic converter, in addition to the serial number, for an extra layer of identification. 7. Position: Front. iy nx kr ed ni yr aj qd pm co