Squid mutual tls

Squid mutual tls. Jun 19, 2019 · Squid4 forward proxy to upgrade from ws to wss. com. TLS establishes secure communication that is both confidential (resistant to eavesdropping) and authentic Jun 13, 2020 · Transport Layer Security (TLS), and its now-deprecated predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), [1] are cryptographic protocols designed to provide communications security over a computer network. Navigate to the 02-client-server-mtls directory for the rest of these examples if you are following along with the GitHub repository. 3 for APIs hosted on Azure API Management began rolling out February 5th. Previous message: [squid-users] RPMs release due to [ADVISORY] SQUID-2016:1 Remote Denial of Service issue in SSL/TLS processing. Copied! ~]# mkdir /var/run/stunnel. The configuration of squid is very simple, it allows all traffic and uses urlrewrite. Even incorrectly used TLS usually makes it possible for at least one end of the communication channel to detect the proxies existence. openssl req -new -key server-key. https_port 3129 cert =/ etc / squid / ssl / squid. To control SSLv3 use the options= parameter. By default, no. Client certificate authentication is also a second layer of security for team members who both log in with an identity provider MTLS is a form of client authentication and an extension of OAuth 2. connect = 631. pem [options] The socket address where Squid will listen for client requests made. Feb 3, 2024 · Adding Mutual TLS. Apr 4, 2024 · Squid 6. pl to replace "http" to "https". ️ The server verifies the client’s certificate. The server uses this certificate to identify and authenticate the client. This is most useful for situations where you are running squid in. 'Re: [squid-users] Mutual TLS for the upstream example' - MARC Consul’s service mesh makes application and microservice networking secure and observable with identity-based authentication, mutual TLS (mTLS) encryption, and explicit service-to-service authorization enforced by sidecar proxies. OpenSSL options most important are: NO_SSLv3 Disallow the use of SSLv3. Next message: [squid-users] Mutual authenticated SSL Messages sorted by: I can either get plain-text HTTP to mTLS-secured forwarding, or I have to have two independent legs of communication when the authenticity of client-to-Squid connection is ensured using its (Squid's) own key-cert pair, which is different from authentication credentials of the handshake between Squid and my target server. Repeated tls_key_log. Mutual TLS, or mTLS, is a type of mutual authentication in which the two parties in a connection authenticate each other using the TLS protocol. In mutual authentication, once the server is authenticated during the handshake, it will send a CertificateRequest message to the client. HTTPS Web Service Security. pem 4096. Mutual transport layer security (mTLS) is an end-to-end security method for mutual authentication that ensures that both parties sharing information are who they claim to be before data is shared. To do so, run the following commands as root : Copy. I suspect that what you need is for Squid to use mTLS when forwarding a client request to the origin server. Mutual TLS authentication is a variation of transport layer security (TLS). Behind the proxy I'am hosting a wcf rest webservice with mutual authentification, so the client needs to send a client certificate to authenticate on the webservice. In the NGINX configuration file, specify the “ https ” protocol for the proxied server or an upstream group in the proxy_pass directive: Copy. example. cert=/path/to/client/certificate. crt https://myserver. <> sudo chown squid:squid -R /var/lib/ssl_db. Support includes gRPC -based Mutual TLS (mTLS) authentication is a way to encrypt services traffic using certificates. Apr 25, 2024 · Mutual TLS provides the same security as TLS, with the addition of authentication and non-repudiation of the client authentication, using digital signatures. mTLS can be used in the context of HTTPS server and HTTPS client communications to provide mutual authentication and encryption. I have generated ssl certs using certbot over nginx and then reused those files as: However running: establish a secure connection to it. Traditional TLS establishes secure communications between a server and client, where the server needs to provide its identity to its clients. In this tutorial, we first configured a queue manager to use anonymous TLS authentication so a client can authenticate the queue manager when they connect. Also another certificate on the server so the client is also able to authenticate that it is connecting to the right server. The authorization server can obtain client metadata via the Dynamic Client Registration Protocol [ RFC7591], which defines mechanisms for dynamically registering OAuth 2. squid-cache. Summary and next steps. The easiest way to configure authentication is with PSK (Pre-Shared Key). something new called KICK again I am using a custom config here is a copy of it for dev team if needed or looking for stuff to check out. Mutual authentication is also known as "two-way authentication" because the process goes in both directions. When I connect directly to the server it works perfectly, but over the squid proxy the client certificate does not tls_outgoing_options. Improve this content. With mutual TLS, clients must provide an X. This is possible, but you will run into a few problems. This question Encrypt client connection with squid forward proxy using SSL is simlar, but doesn't treat reverse proxies / TLS termination proxies. Determines the TLS version and cipher suite that will be used for the connection. $ kubectl create secret -n istio-system generic client-credential --from-file=tls. 509 digital certificates to authenticate and veri Additional client metadata parameters are introduced by this document in support of certificate-bound access tokens and mutual-TLS client authentication. 509 digital certificates. PSK. nl lucas2 at dds. 0 (default), 1. Jun 1, 2016 · This is why the Squid default ACLs start with deny CONNECT !SSL_Ports and why you must have a very good reason to place any type of allow rule above them. 3 upcoming support is still planned for the beginning of February 2024 and will continue into March 2024. openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 \. TLS can also be used to encrypt other Feb 25, 2024 · Mutual Transport Layer Security (mTLS) enhances the security of the TLS protocol by implementing two-way authentication and encryption. (SSL-BUMP is NOT used) Squid proxy has tls_outgoing_options set, so the following works: Jul 21, 2021 · Mutual Transport Layer Security (#mTLS) establishes an encrypted TLS connection in which both parties use X. The information within their respective TLS certificates provides additional verification. Once they get in, the driver asks the passenger for their name to confirm they Feb 5, 2024 · TLS 1. What I need to know Oct 3, 2020 · First, we start with generating a key for the server. It is not possible to provide a trusted client certificate to the Mar 2, 2022 · Mutual Transport Layer Security (mTLS) is an extension of TLS, where both the client and server leverage X. Amazon API Gateway provides the API management layer that exposes open banking APIs and Authorization APIs. This container provides a Squid 4 proxy based on Alpine Linux. One thing to note is that mTLS is a part of the TLS Jun 11, 2020 · Everyone in Security profession knows what TLS — Transport Layer Security — is. It uses long security keys (today 2048 bits is the minimum industry standard key length). If the log file does not exist, Squid creates it. In order to do this, the container will generate a certificate for the requested site on the fly. Commonly referred to as HTTPS. Mutual Transport Layer Security (mTLS, mutual TLS) serves as a robust mechanism for mutual authentication between services, a concept often referred to as two-way authentication. The Squid proxy must be trusted by the agent in order to establish a TLS connection. Mutual authentication or two-way authentication (not to be confused with two-factor authentication) refers to two parties authenticating each other at the same time in an authentication protocol. location /upstream { proxy_pass https://backend. Unlike traditional SSL/TLS, which only requires the server to authenticate itself to the client, mTLS mandates that both client and server authenticate each other using digital certificates. key=client. Usage: [ip:]port [mode] tls-cert=certificate. 3) — where the client provides a certificate to authenticate themselves. Development in ongoing every week, more improvements & bug fixes keep being published on the web site. Jan 14, 2021 · I can either get plain-text HTTP to mTLS-secured forwarding, or I have to have two independent legs of communication when the authenticity of client-to-Squid connection is ensured using its (Squid's) own key-cert pair, which is different from authentication credentials of the handshake between Squid and my target server. You will need to set the UID bit on the squid helper application “pinger”. MeshCommander is closing in on being two years old. TLS replaced SSL in 1999. crt --key client. Resolution: It is not yet clear to me whether you need SslBump. Suggested Config: disableDo not support https:// URLs. On Windows, follow these steps to set up a proxy. 0 that provides a mechanism of binding access tokens to a client certificate. It is one of many attempts at improving the security of Bearer Tokens by requiring the application using the token to authenticate itself. Jan 5, 2019 · Now let’s create the SSL database and make sure the squid user can access it: <> sudo /usr/lib64/squid/ssl_crtd -c -s /var/lib/ssl_db. Mar 23, 2020 · Squid proxy. Supported Values: 1. First, change the URL to an upstream group to support SSL connections. The server sends its digital X. In order to properly access this from your browser you need to have the CA Jan 14, 2021 · when folks ask about "enriching" TLS, they talk about SslBump. If the header is missing, Squid returns an HTTP reply with status 407 (Proxy TLS is a security protocol explicitly intended to make secure communication possible and prevent undetected third-party (such as Squid) interception of the traffic. Squid can be configured to make SSL/TLS inspection (aka HTTPS interception) so the proxy can decrypt proxied traffic (Squid calls this feature ssl bump ). You can add the root CA used by this proxy to all endpoints, which will then accept the certificates issued by the proxy. It has a built-in mechanism to deny expired and revoked certificates. With the rise in IoT use cases and increased security requirements The CA root certificate will be used to verify that the client can trust the certificate presented by the server. established by Squid. Test the HTTP request again using curl with the same custom domain name and without modifying the request. $ curl --cert client. This will enable SSL/TLS encryption for the Squid proxy server. 🔍 The client verifies the server’s certificate. My idea is to use a certificate on the client so it is authenticated by the server. 509 certificate during the session negotiation process. See full list on wiki. Instead of 632, you can use any free port that you prefer. MeshCommander is a web-based Intel® AMT management console that you can downloads, install and use to connect to and manage your Intel® AMT computers. Jan 30, 2023 · The latter method is based on our most recent microwave SQUID multiplexer model. conf file: 1. com> Cc: squid-users at lists. key \ --from-file=tls. Certificate-based mutual Transport Layer Security (TLS) is an optional TLS component that provides two-way peer authentication between servers and clients. I want to have TLS termination, so I can access httpS ://my-domain. 2, v1. mTLS also allows requests that do not authenticate via an identity provider — such as Internet-of-things (IoT) devices — to demonstrate they can reach a given resource. From: squid-users <squid-users-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> On Behalf Of Sergey Maslyakov Sent: Thursday, January 14, 2021 9:41 PM To: squid-users@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Subject: Mutual TLS for the upstream example The minimum TLS protocol version to permit. Oct 30, 2020 · "mutual-TLS" という言葉は、TLSのネゴシエーションの際に、サーバ証明書による通常の TLS サーバ認証に加えて、クライアントが自分の X. AWS WAF (Web Application For example, while mutual TLS authentication between browsers and web servers is possible, it is not practical, or even useful, for web-servers that serve the public to verify the identity of every potential user. conf should look something like this: #. The instance name shows up in Kong Manager and in Konnect, so it's useful when running the same plugin in multiple contexts, for example, on multiple services. Create the chroot directory and give the user specified by the setuid option write access to it. Then, we added mutual TLS authentication to allow the queue manger to authenticate the client application too. openssl genrsa -out server-key. I'am using squid3 as https reverse proxy. com; } Nov 24, 2022 · 1. Adding mitmproxy as A Certificate Authority. Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol that protects Internet communications. While traditional TLS requires the server to present a valid TLS certificate, mutual TLS requires both the client and server to present valid TLS certificates for mutual openssl x509 -in myCA. 131 3. when used properly TLS cannot be “bumped”. 0. 509 certificate (and any intermediate certificates) to the client. Feb 18, 2015 · pls. mTLS ensures that the parties at each end of a network connection are who they claim to be by verifying that they both have the correct private key. The core objective of mTLS is to ensure that the parties at each end of a connection are genuinely who they claim to be. Mar 28, 2021 · Mutual TLS (mTLS) is where both the client and the server authenticate themselves and verify their identities. 20 In this step, the SQUID inductance L S ⁠, the critical current I c ⁠, the geometric coupling parameter k T between resonator and SQUID, as well as the mutual inductance M mod between the modulation coil and SQUID are input parameters for simulation. I am seeing some random errors in squid 6. TLS is designed to protect from such fiddling by proxies. The client verifies the server’s certificate by using one of its pre-trusted root certificates. Nov 4, 2022 · Using mTLS ensures that the connection is secure, and adding OAuth 2. Customers in all regions can expect TLS 1. The initial preview support of TLS 1. . options= Specify various TLS/SSL implementation options. 3 support by March 2024. Jul 5, 2019 · The web API uses client authentication certificates for identity authentication and authorization. Client authentication allows for restricting access for individual clients (access control). Feb 15, 2023 · Mutual TLS Defined. pem -outform DER -out myCA. Replaces: Requires: --with-gnutls or --with-openssl. Similar question. org> On Behalf Of Fernando Giorgetti Sent: Saturday, September 30, 2023 12:07 AM To: Alex Rousskov <rousskov at measurement-factory. I want first to test and use openssl s_server and openssl s_client to validate the Mar 10, 2023 · To configure Squid to use SSL/TLS encryption, you can add the following lines to your squid. Hi pls. To learn more about this situation and. Learn how TLS works. With mutual TLS, a load balancer negotiates mutual authentication between the client and the server while negotiating TLS. I can create a regular http (s) proxy with Squid, which can then be accessed at http ://my-ip. Configuring NGINX. This is handled by deploying a TLS certificate chain to the proxy in the /certs folder and bundling the necessary CA bundle in the agent configuration (see NEW_RELIC_CA_BUNDLE_PATH in docker-compose. der. 509 digital certificates to authenticate each other before starting communications. A primary use case of TLS is encrypting the communication between web applications and servers, such as web browsers loading a website. over TLS or SSL connections. log is created or updated. Feb 11, 2021 · Setting -> Network on macOS. Jun 27, 2021 · 0. When mutual authentication is used, the server requests the client to provide a certificate in addition to the server certificate issued to the client. [squid-users] Mutual TLS for the upstream example Alex Rousskov rousskov at measurement-factory. Then enable the service, start it, and confirm it’s running: <> sudo systemctl enable squid. What Is mTLS? Mutual TLS (mTLS) is a variation on transport layer security (TLS). Now you have a basic understanding of OAuth mTLS, and how you can use it to make client-server connections more secure. 📜 The server presents its TLS certificate. Wait for the custom domain status to show “Available”, indicating that the mutual TLS change is successfully deployed. Interesting. It is not yet clear to me whether you need SslBump. Neither Squid nor any other proxy can enrich a client TLS connection. This is supported in principle, but the devil is in the Jan 11, 2014 · I am developing a client/server application with TLS. -nodes -x509 \. This task shows how to expose a secure HTTPS service using either simple or mutual TLS. We will import the client certificate and key into the user certificate store using the following powershell script. I'd like the HA Proxy appliance to terminate the TLS connection and use normal HTTP on the backend to talk to the web API, but I need the client authentication certificate passed through over the HTTP connection. # Import the server CA Import-Certificate -FilePath "certs\server-ca. Squid4. 3) and supports mTLS (Mutual TLS aka Client Certificate) authentication. accelerator mode and you want to do the TLS work at the accelerator. a proxy, such as Squid. 📄 The client then presents its TLS certificate. Pass your certificate, private key, and root CA certificate to curl to authenticate your request over TLS. Mutual TLS authentication requires two-way authentication between the client and the server. 2, 1. I was considering mutual authentication as a mechanism to defeat connections where there is an SSL Proxy to disrupt my trust chain. directives are treated as fatal configuration errors. internal. Nov 15, 2023 · A service that converts a conventional Squid forward proxy into one that is both accessible over HTTPS (TLSv1. Sep 22, 2020 · Mutual authentication, in which both server and client in the SSL/TLS session are authenticated, is also possible and can be very useful in some circumstances. crt" -CertStoreLocation Cert:\LocalMachine\Root. May 26, 2024 · Mutual Transport Layer Security or mTLS is a process that starts a TLS connection that remains encrypted by both parties using X. Sep 22, 2023 · mTLS is used in a variety of applications, including: 1. pem -out server Mar 12, 2024 · Mutual authentication. 509 certificates to verify their identity to access your API. If you simplify public key infrastructure (PKI . Dec 17, 2023 · mTLS and Zero Trust. You should have generated your SSL certs and placed it under /etc/openldap/cacerts directory on squid server before Nov 23, 2023 · Compared to regular TLS, there are additional steps in the mTLS to verify both parties: 🖥️ The client connects to the server. Always create a new key when using. Mutual TLS is a common requirement for Internet of Things (IoT) and business-to-business applications. crt=client. # Recommended minimum configuration: #. 0 client metadata with Sep 29, 2017 · MeshCommander - Mutual-Auth TLS, IDE-R. 1, 1. 509 digital certificates to authenticate each other. May 24, 2024 · Mutual TLS (mTLS) authentication uses client certificates to ensure traffic between client and server is bidirectionally secure and trusted. Feb 13, 2017 · TLS: Authenticating the server. In mutual includes an additional step in which the server also asks for the client's certificate and verifies it at their end. With mTLS authentication of both server and client certificate are done within the TLS handshake and before any application data are sent. 6 installed and running and blocking and caching. Either the TLS client, the TLS server, or both need to be authenticated: Server authentication prevents Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attacks on the encryption protocol. Default Value: tls_outgoing_options min-version=1. We also discussed how IBM MQ handles security. crt key =/ etc / squid / ssl / squid. org Subject: Re: [squid-users] TLS passthrough If someone has already done that, with the Jan 6, 2022 · Squid allows you to create username-password pairs using built-in Linux functionality, as an additional or an alternative step to restricting access to your proxy by IP address. The directive is consulted whenever a TLS connection is accepted or. See Also: Client Authentication. Both parties present certificates to each other and validate the other’s certificate. Traditional TLS is the successor to secure sockets layer (SSL) and is the most widely deployed standard for secure communication, most visibly in HTTPS. RFC 9449: DPoP. 3. Now, generate a Server Certificate Signing Request. 6 is used as a forward proxy to convert all traffic to secure traffic. This extra security makes a connection less vulnerable to session hijacking attacks. Squid is a caching proxy for the Web supporting HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and more. If the header is present, Squid decodes it and extracts a user credentials. – Douglas Held. accept = 632. Under proxies, enable both HTTP and HTTPS proxies and choose port 8080: Setup Proxy under Setting -> Network-> Advanced on macOS. Configure mutual TLS origination for egress traffic. Mutual TLS is achieved by normal TLS and something called Client Certificate Authentication (CCA) ( v1. With mutual TLS, clients must present X. It is a default mode of authentication in some protocols ( IKE, SSH) and optional in others ( TLS ). Afaik the Squid package included in the Linux distros is not compiled with SSL/TLS inspection support Jul 14, 2023 · Mutual TLS, or mTLS for short, is a method for mutual authentication. <> sudo systemctl start squid. Application Gateway supports certificate-based mutual authentication where you can upload a trusted client CA certificate (s) to the Application Gateway, and the gateway will use that certificate to authenticate the client sending a request to the gateway. Your squid. chown root:root /usr/lib64/squid/pinger. Mutual authentication is a desired characteristic Jul 15, 2021 · Mutual Transport Layer Security (mTLS) is a process that establishes an encrypted TLS connection in which both parties use X. 0 — was published in 1995. Written in Go, as a memory safe language with a trusted TLS stack, it is hopefully more reliably secure when opening the endpoint up to the internet on an external Squid with SSL/TLS Proxying. It allows you to proxy TLS/SSL connections by breaking up the TLS connection. example Jul 5, 2019 · 1 SQUID Proxy and SSL interception 2 A short guide on Squid transparent proxy & SSL bumping 6 more parts 3 About SSL bumping 4 Squid Proxy with SSL Bump 5 Configuring SSL Bumping in the Squid service 6 Using Squid to Proxy SSL Sites 7 How to create a self-signed certificate 8 Squid Proxy and SSL Bump, Summary 9 Squid proxy in current trend 10 Autostart docker container with systemd Apr 25, 2023 · Mutual TLS is an extension of the traditional TLS protocol, also known as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), that enables secure communication between clients and servers. The client will respond by sending a certificate Has anyone tried getting Signal to work through squid proxy set up using TLS inspection on OPNsense? May 21, 2024 · Mutual TLS (mTLS) authentication ensures that traffic is both secure and trusted in both directions between a client and server. org Jun 5, 2013 · Jun 5, 2013, 1:18 PM. On Linux, MITM supports a transparent proxying at the network layer. SINGLE_DH_USE. Create a Kubernetes Secret in the same namespace as the egress gateway is deployed in, to hold the client’s certificates: Istio APIs Gateway API. Most clients use the Microsoft or Mozilla set of trusted root certificates. yaml ). appends an existing log file. 509 証明書 (クライアント証明書) を示し、その証明書に対応する秘密鍵所持をサーバへ示すプロセスのことです。 Apr 16, 2014 · I want to use Squid to upgrade HTTP request to HTTPS using my own certificate, in order to make clients handshake with a server (a reverse proxy) that requires mutual authentication. It Sep 17, 2020 · Choose Save to enable mutual TLS for all APIs that the custom domain name maps to. Since then, it Best regards, Rafael From: squid-users <squid-users-bounces at lists. I suspect that what you need is for Squid to use mTLS when forwarding a client request to the origin Feb 19, 2022 · 2. MTLS can help mitigate the risk of moving services to the cloud and can help prevent malicious third parties from imitating genuine apps. Mar 6, 2024 · Importing the client certificate and key into the Windows certificate store. key --cacert ca. 0 ensures that the individual session is secure. 2. Feb 16, 2024 · In case you are looking for a solution to authenticate Squid’s users on an Ldap server through a SSL/TLS secure channel then pass -ZZ argument to squid_ldap_auth program. With Istio, you can enforce mutual TLS automatically, outside of your application code, with a single YAML file. It allows requests that do not log in with an identity provider (like IoT devices) to demonstrate that they can reach a given resource. When someone uses a rideshare app, they usually check the license plate or the description of the vehicle to make sure they are getting into the right car. # Example rule allowing access from your local networks. To do that, you’ll create a file called /etc/squid/passwords and point Squid’s configuration to it. In practice, most HTTPS transactions are asymmetric: the browser verifies the HTTPS server's identity, but the user remains anonymous. Previous message (by thread): [squid-users] Mutual TLS for the upstream example Next message (by thread): [squid-users] Peer selection based on IP with multiple ports? The Control Ingress Traffic task describes how to configure an ingress gateway to expose an HTTP service to external traffic. In a typical HTTPS connection, only the server is authenticated to the client using a TLS certificate. The basic setup would require a a proxy which will automatically generate TLS certificates for all websites visited by the end points. Otherwise, Squid. To add mutual TLS, first we need to generate a private key and corresponding certificate for the connection to use. Nov 3, 2020 · The TLS handshake process accomplishes three things: Authenticates the server as the rightful owner of the asymmetric public/private key pair. Mutual TLS (mTLS) provides transport layer security; banks authenticate accredited third parties and provide access tokens to them for calling Open Banking APIs. First “version” of the protocol — Secure Socket Layer (SSL) 2. This works because the Istio control plane mounts client certificates into the sidecar proxies for you, so that pods can authenticate with each The minimum TLS protocol version to permit. I am trying the samething to enable ssl mutual authentication with SQUID and have figured out its possible in SQUID version 4 which is yet Basic Authentication or API Keys (commonly used nowadays) rely on a knowledge of a shared “secret”, which the API client sends as its identity over the SSL/TLS channel. http_access allow CONNECT SSL_ports. Exchanges the symmetric session key that will be used for communication. nl Tue Feb 16 14:11:42 UTC 2016. Automated Certificate Management for DevOps [squid-users] Mutual authenticated SSL lucas2 at dds. net:443. It is possible for the MITM proxy to provide a trusted server certificate to the client since the proxy CA is trusted by the client. The key difference from any usual TLS communication is that when using mutual TLS, each client must […] I want to put Squid between my clients (Maven, Gradle, Docker Engine, etc) and the server so that clients would be configured to use the instance of Squid as an HTTPS proxy but would not have to be configured with the mTLS key-cert pair. Apr 21, 2015 at 21:02. 631 is the port that CUPS normally uses. Learn how Consul’s service mesh works and get started on VMs or Kubernetes. com Fri Jan 15 17:37:03 UTC 2021. For more information see the squid_ldap_auth manual. An optional custom name to identify an instance of the plugin, for example mtls-auth_my-service. Jul 26, 2018 · More recently I had to set up mutual TLS authentication between a MySQL server and a replica which gave me the first chance to really dive into setting up and running a CA, and implementing mutual Transport Layer Security, or TLS, is a widely adopted security protocol designed to facilitate privacy and data security for communications over the Internet. Great. [2] Several versions of the protocols find widespread use in applications such as web browsing, email, instant messaging, and voice over IP (VoIP). Feb 16, 2024 · If Squid gets a request and the http_access rule list gets to a proxy_auth ACL or an external ACL ( external_acl_type ) with %LOGIN parameter, Squid looks for the Authorization: header. key. wy xo tq xg qd ce sx bg jz yo