Rp2040 adc dma. ) it would be greatly appreciated.

The DMA system on the RP2040 has more transport-triggered functions and is a little easier to build. In this project, I will explain different ADC specifications, how they can be characterized, and the results of those tests on the PR2040. 3 and 4. On the STM32 the IRQ accounted to 25% of the time, on the Pico about half of that, even though there were some FP computations in the IRQ, implementing a simple signal filter. There's a description in Realtime Audio FFT to VGA Display with RP2040 with code that uses chaining in a different way. pads_bank0: PADS_BANK0. e. Cornell University ECE4760 Micropython on RP2040 Bruce Land. io_qspi: IO_QSPI. Each of these samples is truncated to 8 bits, and put into the ADC FIFO. Feb 9, 2022 · cpuを使用せずにメモリにアクセスできるadc入力のdmaインターフェース プロ：プログラマブルIO(PIO) これはRaspberry Pi Picoの最もクールな特徴の一つであり、他のいくつかのマイクロコントローラにはないダイナミズムをPicoに与えているものでもあるのです。 Aug 21, 2023 · My first attempt at ADC and DMA low-level programming used MicroPython ‘uctypes’ to create a model of The RP2040 PWM peripheral can also act as a pulse ADCInput adc (A0, A1); adc. It samples signals on ADC channel 0 and displays the frequency spectra on a TFT display. rs for a more complete example. RP2040 Datasheet; Hardware design with RP2040 – Using RP2040 microcontrollers to build boards and products Jun 1, 2021 · It does 200K ADC samples/sec with some processing at DMA interrupt level to decode and track stepper motor angle. # sine wave synthesis with ADC loopback # #### # Asynch hardware: # DMA 0 moves sine array to PWM slice 1A (cc low 16 bits) # DMA 1 resets the source pointer for DMA 0 # DMA 2 moves ADC to PWM slice 0A # DMA 3 restarts DMA 2 # PWM 1A outputs sine wave connected to ADC input # PWM 0A outputs ADC reading # NOTE -- you may need to power cycle the rp2040 f #### # Wiring: # PWM slice 1A (GPIO18 For the two most common codec use cases (bi-directional master and bi-directional slave), two helper functions exist which set up double-buffered DMA and initialize the state machines with proper clock ratios - if possible (see sections below discussing clocks, especially if you require a system or master clock output in addition to the standard BCK/LRCK clocks). 5ms, 2. for the Adafruit Feather RP2040 you should pass -DPICO_BOARD=adafruit_feather_rp2040. It is a tiny, fast, and versatile board built using RP2040, a brand new micr Aug 29, 2021 · Hi All, I am trying to do ADC on the Connect using DMA. DMA uses memory controllers separate from the CPU to accelerate data movment between memory locations, or between peripherials and memory. 1 of Hardware design with RP2040 for a better PWM audio with the DMA DREQ set to the ADC so it reads every time the ADC produces a new Jun 15, 2024 · One of the main advantages of ADC is high data acquisition rate even at multiplexed inputs. dma: DMA with separate read and write masters. Pico模块有3个ADC通道,固定在4个引脚上,总共5个通道,其中一个内部通道即温度传感器,还有专用的ADC_VREF . Full details can be found in the RP2040 datasheet. You signed out in another tab or window. Joseph Primmer and I built a DMA processor using the Microchip PIC32 DMA system. at clkdiv = 0. Aug 18, 2023 · You can perform the A/D conversion in polling, interrupt & FIFO with DMA mode. h. There are also links to the technical documentation for both the This sketch is for RP2040 board connected to a 320 x 240 TFT display. 2) to see how you can use more. For analog inputs, the RP2040 device has a 12-bit, 4-channel ADC + temperature sensor available on a fixed set of pins (A0…A3). May 10, 2021 · Hello everyone, I have a problem with the configuration of the dma and the adc, in this mode the adc only works in 8 bits like the example that appears in git hub, is there any way to configure it to work in 12 bits? Clock Interna generation oscillator Interrupts Bus Fabric RP2040 DMA Crystal SWD Peripherals UART GPIO Timer [29,01 12C ADC 8 TS QSPI Reset control The ADC pacing timer is configured to gather samples at 10kHz, and to store those samples in the ADC FIFO (pre-shifted to 8 bits of significance). The RP2040 has 12 DMA channels which can stream an agregate of over 100 megabytes/sec without affecting CPU performance, in many cases. The rp2. Thanks. A DMA channel, paced by DREQ_ADC, moves each of these samples as it appears from the FIFO to the first index of a 4-element character array (all other elements zero). Interrupts are identified by a number from 0 to 31. There are also links to the technical documentation for both the The Pico has a 12-bit ADC (ENOB of 8. Through GP26, GP27, GP28, and GP29, respectively, you may access ADC0, ADC1, ADC2, and ADC3. busctrl: Register block for busfabric control signals and performance counters. Additionally the SDK provides higher-level libraries for dealing with timers, USB, synchronization and multi-core programming, along with additional high Additionally given a pointer to a structure representing a piece of hardware (e. Check out section 3. The struct which organizes the DMA control registers is copied below from that document: Jun 8, 2023 · Hello Users, i struggle to understand the programming of the rpi pico in the arduino ide i just want to setup: a simple dma based audio buffer that gets its values from adc with like 20000HZ from a function generator amd print the result to serial monitor but i struggle to do this i searched the internet and found something but didnt manage to adapt it for my problem maybe some of u can help Oct 1, 2021 · kilograham Raspberry Pi Engineer & Forum Moderator Posts: 1554 Joined: Fri Apr 12, 2019 11:00 am Location: austin tx Mar 7, 2022 · Saved searches Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly You signed in with another tab or window. The DMA can be set to wrap the read address on power of two sizes. You switched accounts on another tab or window. com/stm32-adc-tutorial-using-dma-with-hal-code-example/This video shows how to interface multiple channels ADC u Jan 14, 2023 · The ADC module in the Pico supports conversion in polling, interrupt, and FIFO with DMA mode. IPv4 host over Ethernet adc: Control and data interface to SAR ADC. Standard C/C++ libraries are supported along with APIs for accessing the RP2040’s hardware, including DMA, IRQs, and the wide variety of fixed-function peripherals and PIO (Programmable IO). static uint16_t adc_fifo_get_blocking (void) Wait for the ADC FIFO to have data. May 14, 2021 · Sparkfun Thing Plus – RP2040; Sparkfun MicroMod RP2040 Processor; Raspberry Pi plans to make the chip available for purchase by the second quarter of 2021. static void Aug 27, 2023 · The RP2040 is a gorgeous little chip with a well-defined datasheet and a fantastic price tag. Jan 30, 2021 · kilograham Raspberry Pi Engineer & Forum Moderator Posts: 1554 Joined: Fri Apr 12, 2019 11:00 am Location: austin tx Whether you have a Raspberry Pi Pico or another RP2040-based microcontroller board, everything you need to get started is here. 96 x 1 / 48MHz) = 2 μs per sample (500kS/s). Multiple PWM channels with three DMA channels. Therefore, the sampling frequency is . Have seen some posts that suggest using DMA is the answer but my Python is pretty basic and I don't know Feb 5, 2022 · The sine wave output from the previous example is feed back to an ADC channel attached to a DMA channel transfering the samples to a PWM slice at ADC rate. The RP2040 microcontroller operates on a 48MHZ clock frequency which comes from USB PLL. And that’s all. Issues Found. DMA on RP2040. : Pico is in sleep. DMA class is now part of the release and achieves a lot of the functionality that the library in this repository was written for. 0 International (CC BY-ND). The RP2040 microcontroller operates on a 48MHz clock frequency which comes from USB PLL. dma_hw_t *dma_hw for the DMA controller), you can get an alias to the entire structure such that writing any member (register) within the structure is equivalent to an atomic operation via hw_set_alias(), hw_clear_alias() or hw_xor_alias() Mar 26, 2021 · The heart of the Raspberry Pi Pico and other partner boards is the RP2040, a system on chip that provides the Arm Cortex M0+ running at up to 133 MHz with 264KB of SRAM. What are the designations for the 12 bit ADC connections and how do I read them? Nov 16, 2021 · I get repeatable results on the round robin ADC capture by setting the input channel using the adc_select_input function. Check this Raspberry Pi Pico ADC tutorial: Oct 24, 2021 · Join David as he explores Direct Memory Access (DMA) for the RP2040. Using the ADC. Blocks until data is present in the FIFO. 2μF). 5ms 1. Do they exist? If so, where are they and what includes to use? If anyone could point me in the right direction (examples, libraries, some sort of documentation etc. On the RP2040, only the lower 26 IRQ signals are connected on the NVIC; IRQs 26 to 31 are tied to zero (never firing). 5ms, etc. <br></p><p>In this project, we&apos;ll leverage some unique capabilities to gather data from the Raspberry Pi Pico&apos;s analogue to digital converter (ADC) at a very high rate and then do a Fast Fourier Transform on it. This DMA channel chains to a Arduino® Nano RP2040 Connect 7 / 1 9 Arduino® Nano RP2040 Connect Modified: 18/07/2024 1 The Board 1. About the RP2040 4 May 4, 2022 · I was thinking of using DMA but the tools Pico provides are insufficient as far as I understand. In our case, we'll use the Pico's Direct Memory Access (DMA) module. 2. Rpi Pico Datasheet (4. Introduction Topics below mostly center around adding features to Micropython which are not included (yet) in the port, such as DMA support, and detailed control of ADC and PWM hardware. Two SDKs are even offered: one based on C and the other MicroPython. 4. Sign in Apr 21, 2022 · Appendix D - How to improve ADC Performance. ) it would be greatly appreciated. A PIO input event time/duration capture which works up to about 10 MHz. Skip to content. This may be delayed due to the ongoing pandemic and global chip shortage. setFrequency (1000); A0 will be sampled at 0ms, 1ms, 2ms, etc. The ADC was set up as the trigger for a DMA channel which transfered the measurement to a PWM channel. pads Jan 24, 2023 · The paper Run-DMA by Michael Rushanan and Stephen Checkoway shows how to do this with one version (Raspbery Pi 2) of ARM DMA. 1 Application Examples The Nano RP2040 Connect can be adapted to a wide range of use cases thanks to the powerful microprocessor, range of onboard sensors and Nano form factor. RP2040. You’ll find support for getting started with C/C++ or MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, and links to resources for other boards that use RP2040. RP2040 will remain in production until at least January 2030 Compliance • RP2040 is compliant to Moisture Sensitivity Level 1 • RP2040 is compliant to the requirement of REACH Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) that ECHA announced on 25 June 2020 • RP2040 is compliant to the requirement and standard of Controlled We’ll need to be handling a DMA interrupt starting a new transfer once every 40 cycles on average to keep things going and avoid stalling the SM. 3 for more details), meaning that a read operation will return a number ranging from 0 to 4095 (2^12 - 1) for a total of 4096 possible values. 3. You would probably have to use PIO and maybe overclock the RP2040 to get reliable transfers at the full speed. Possible applications include: Jul 3, 2023 · *** Full article link: https://embeddedthere. The RP2040 uses the standard ARM nested vectored interrupt controller (NVIC). 0 (or later). 6) which was published today for further details, specifically sections 4. The BCM2835 has 16 DMA channels. More details about the SDK can be found throughout this book. The ADC is configured to free-running mode, and gathers new samples at 10kHz. There is an example of using the DMA and ADC together, but it's just a one-shot. Mar 28, 2022 · How do I access the 12 bit ADC in the RP2040? the analogRead command results in values 0 - 1023 for A0, A1, . 3V. ADC takes 96 CPU clock cycles to perform one conversion. ADC conversion speed per sample is 2μs that is 500kS/s. Each input is sampled at the proper frequency but offset in time since there is only one active ADC at a time. The standard Arduino calls can be used to read their values (with 3. Hoping to get a slightly less obnoxious answer here. After the installation is complete, go to Tools → Board → Raspberry Pi RP2040 Boards (2. This was a good start, we can fill a buffer with various brightness values for an LED, connect the LED to a PWM channel and leave the DMA to do the rest. Servicing interrupts at 8kHz rates is well handled even by a single-core 16MHz ARM M0. The response was an obnoxious rant about how the person should not be programming registers and the RP2040 Connect was intended for communication not ADC. ADC (analog to digital conversion)¶ RP2040 has five ADC channels in total, four of which are 12-bit SAR based ADCs: GP26, GP27, GP28 and GP29. The ADC conversion speed per sample is 2μs that is 500kS/s. The DMA_Configuration record contains many other options such as reading/writing ring buffers, chaining another DMA channel after a transfer has finished, and generating checksums of data transferred through a DMA channel. Whenever a sample appears in the ADC FIFO, the ADC's DREQ is asserted. See the RP2040 datasheet for more information on these options. As the 8 bits are shifted to the pins, the buffer will request to be refilled by the DMA when 32 bits have been consumed. I'm guessing it starts from the last ADC channel selected. Learn how to use the Raspberry Pi Pico to sample at up to 500 kHz and perform a Fast Fourier Transform on the recorded data. The input signal for ADC0, ADC1, ADC2 and ADC3 can be connected with GP26, GP27, GP28, GP29 respectively (On Pico board, GP29 is connected to VSYS). May 20, 2021 · The Raspberry Pi RP2040's PIO, DMA and USB hardware features were all used in this project along with the OpenPDM2PCM and TinyUSB software libraries on one of the RP2040's Arm Cortex-M0+ processors. The documentation of the RP2040 microcontroller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4. Flexible I/O. During this project, I found some issues and inconsistencies with the ADC. and A1 will be sampled at 0. Probably more than we can manage (plus the CPU will spend all its time in DMA interrupts). Okay. It has a 100MSps ADC, a 480*320 IPS TFT and a dual channel 100MHz BW front-end. See examples/adc_fifo_dma. I've tried everything I can think The RP2040’s DMA controller has 12 independent DMA channels that can run concurrently. Detailed information about the DMA controller can be found in Section 4 of the datasheet. Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Raspberry Pi Pico RP2040 : ID 4864 - The Raspberry Pi foundation changed single-board computing when they released the Raspberry Pi computer, now they&#39;re ready to do the same for microcontrollers with the release of the brand new Raspberry Pi Pico. Jun 11, 2021 · The RP2040 from Raspberry Pi carries their signature values of high performance, ease of use, and low cost. generic: Common register and bit access and modify traits. The configuration of the DMA ; The configuration and programming of the PIO ; The filling of the array with the waveform ; Starting up the DMA. A total of 5 ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) channels are available on the RP2040 microcontroller. The standard ADC range is 0-3. 3V nominally reading as 4095). 5 of the RP2040 Datasheet. Using the ADC) - Rpi. int analogRead(pin_size_t pin = A0. The RP2040 ADC does not have an on-board reference and therefore uses its own power supply as a reference. §Free running mode without FIFO While free-running mode is usually used in combination with a FIFO, there are use cases where it can be used without. This can be accomplished with the following code: Oct 30, 2022 · This project is a dual channel oscilloscope based on RP2040. The sketch uses FFT analysis to extract the frequency spectrum from the signal. With DMA you can use DMA interrupts that will only fire when the transfer is complete, so a certain number of bytes have been transferred. 2 PLLs are available to provide a USB or ADC fixed 48MHz clock, and a flexible system clock up to 133MHz An internal Voltage Regulator will supply the core voltage so the end product only needs supply the IO voltage. How Raspberry Pi Pico ADC works? Sep 8, 2022 · 0:00 - Greetings and lecture goals2:20 - ADC overview9:00 - Configuring the ADC in code24:20 - DMA overview30:50 - Simple DMA example38:20 - Interfacing the Jun 18, 2021 · RP2040 based microcontroller boards running MicroPython. There are also links to the technical documentation for both the Mar 8, 2024 · [Simon Monk] got frustrated with bad ADC performance when tinkering with an ESP32 board, and decided to put three of the nowadays-iconic boards to the test – a classic ESP32 devboard, a Pi Pi… Whether you have a Raspberry Pi Pico or another RP2040-based microcontroller board, everything you need to get started is here. Therefore, the resolution of the ADC is 3. 9. Included are examples of how DMA works with PIO and IRQ. This stepper motor analyzer code adc_dma. See the boards/ directory in the Raspberry Pi Pico SDK, and the forums , for more information. Pico-DMX: DMX protocol library for the RaspberryPi Pico: PicoDVI - Adafruit Fork: Arduino library for RP2040 DVI output, based on PicoDVI: PicoEncoder: High resolution quadrature encoder using the PIO on the RP2040: Pico PIO USB Feb 9, 2015 · We’ve completed characterisation of the RP2040 ADC after an issue was raised in the otherADC-related forum thread, and updated the RP2040 Datasheet. . To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. blog/2021/10/26/pico-adc-dma/ The author pulls date from the ADC using DMA and includes a method to change the sample rate. RP2040 is compliant to the requirement of REACH Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) that ECHA announced on 25 June 2020. ADC converters have higher sample rate which means how fast the signal is converted from analog to digital, and high bit resolution means how accurate the ADC is converting the signal from analog to digital. 5. 00:00 - Introduction00:44 - DMA 4 GPIOs also share package pins with ADC inputs. Apr 9, 2022 · Note that the ADC FIFO depth is more than adequate: all it needs to cover is worst-case latency in servicing the ADC either by DMA or by an interrupt handler. More experienced MCU wranglers wil… May 20, 2021 · A typical example is continuously capturing ADC data at very high speed without any gaps. io_bank0: IO_BANK0. Jul 18, 2024 · Arduino library to calibrate and improve ADC measurements with the Raspberry Pi Pico including the built-in temp sensor. The platform is also equipped with the TLV320AIC3254 codec from Texas Instruments. 3/4096, so roughly steps of 0. If you have connected a fresh Pico board, the COM would not have Note: As of December 2023, I would recommend anyone wanting to make use of the RP2040 DMA controller using MicroPython to update to v1. Jul 17, 2022 · adc-dma. We provide all the usual interfaces: hardware UARTs, SPI and I2C controllers, USB 1. someone was a bit testy. Apart from impressive technical specifications featuring large on-chip memory, a dual-core processor and rich peripherals, the RP2040 can be programmed with both the beginner-friendly MicroPython and professionally-preferred C++. Add the boards URL Install the Raspberry Pi Pico/RP2040 Select Raspberry Pi Pico. Because RP2040 microcontroller operates on 48MHZ clock frequency which comes from USB PLL. Jul 9, 2022 · From the list, install the Raspberry Pi Pico/RP2040 item. clocks: CLOCKS. The RP2040 has no "input capture" peripherial that uses hardare to grab a time stamp for an external event (edge on i/o pin). 7-bit, see RP2040 datasheet section 4. The DMA control blocks on BCM2835 are organized as a linked list, with the sentinel being DMA channel controller Jun 9, 2023 · Take a look at this link: https://iosoft. You would also have to implement the host driver somehow. pico-debug differs from Picoprobe in that pico-debug is a virtual debug pod that runs side-by-side on the same RP2040 that you run your code on; so, you only need one RP2040 board instead of two. Jan 29, 2021 · 标配的外设,RP2040的DMA是挂在AHB-Lite上的,在M0内核范畴算比较高性能的总线了,支持的触发源有39个,基本上所有外设源都有了. Jun 1, 2021 · A fully connected switch connects ARM cores and DMA engines to six independent RAM banks, allowing you to squeeze every last drop of performance out of the system. Examples¶ The simplest use of the DMA controller is to move data from one block of memory to another. Please see the latest documentation release (tagged as V1. GPIO PWM This guide was first published on May 01, 2021. I have tested the code and can verify that it works. 2) and choose Raspberry Pi Pico from the list. E. 5 Msamples/sec to as low as 735 samples/sec in auto-sample mode ( adc_run(1); ). However, these registers are described on page 109 of the RP2040 datasheet, and they are mapped to the dma_hw_t struct in pico-sdk\src\rp2040\hardware_structs\include\hardware\structs\dma. This train is piled high with hardware that complements the Raspberry Pi RP2040 chip to make it an excellent development board for projects that want Arduino-shape-compatibility or just need the extra space and debugging ports. RP2040 is compliant to the requirement and standard of Controlled Environment-related Substance of RoHS directive (EU) 2011/65/EU and directive (EU) 2015/863. We can get around this using a ring buffer. My trouble is I can't seem to find any Arduino DMA libraries/APIs for the Connect. The conversion speed per sample is 2μs , which is equivalent to 500kS/s. Links. Jan 29, 2022 · Getting RP2040 synchronized with the SPI master clock would not be simple. Here boardname is the name of your board, e. Jan 29, 2021 · RP2040(树莓派Pico) ADC. The software is based on MicroPython and LVGL and DMA and PIO are used to achive the highest possible througput. i2c0: DW_apb_i2c address block. Nov 9, 2022 · Raspberry Pi Pico ADC Pinout. The ADC rate is settable up to 0. A3) ADC>DMA>PWM on Core0 DDS>DMA>PWM on Core1 The DDS algorithm is completely carried out by a DMA channel and the PWM DAC. Navigation Menu Toggle navigation. 1, and a four-channel ADC. You signed in with another tab or window. Demo application for RP2040 with GPIO, UART, I2C, and ADC - picoruby/rp2040-peripheral-demo. RP2040 builds Raspberry Pi’s commitment to inexpensive, efficient computing into a small and powerful 7 mm × 7 mm package, with just two square millimeters May 1, 2021 · Note that even though the Pico's ADC is 12 bits, the value is scaled to 16 bits to comply with the CircuitPython API. static void adc_fifo_drain (void) Drain the ADC FIFOWill wait for any conversion to complete then drain the FIFO, discarding any results. Aug 11, 2023 · Choo! Choo! This is the RP2040 Metro Line, making all station stops at "Dual Cortex M0+ mountain", "264K RAM round-about" and "16 Megabytes of Flash town". 3V by using an R-C filter (201 ohms into 2. I like this figure from TI's various processor datasheets (in this case taken from the TM4C1294NCPDT). So the code consists of . For full details of the RP2040’s DMA system see section 2. 8 millivolts. This is a hardware feature that can automate tasks involving transferring large amounts of data in and out of memory to IO at an extremely fast rate. Instead, look up DMA chaining in the RP2040 datasheet (section 2. build-date: 2024-05-02 build-version: 576cee3-clean About the SDK Throughout the text "the SDK" refers to our Raspberry Pi Pico SDK. On Pico the ADC_AVDD pin (the ADC supply) is generated from the SMPS 3. dma_blink LEDの点滅データをPIO側で消費すると、即座にDMAで補填する。 DMAデータが無くなると、IRQでDMAが再設定される。 初期設定以降は、MCUは一切関与する必要が無い。 #SDKからのArduinoへのソフト移植 There is a detailed explanation of DMA in Pi Pico ADC input using DMA and MicroPython. The Raspberry Pi Pico is a new flexible microcontroller board from Raspberry Pi. Hardware design with RP2040 Chapter 1. cpp uses the ping-pong style of chained DMA channels to populate two buffers. The biggest thing is that the ADC has some significant DNL issues. Whether you have a Raspberry Pi Pico or another RP2040-based microcontroller board, everything you need to get started is here. Apr 18, 2022 · To do the actual DSP work, the RP2040 chip uses three 12-bit ADC channels and 16 controllable PWM channels. The DMA channel controller registers start at bus address 0x7E007000, with adjacent channels offset by 0x100. 4. The SPI slave peripheral is able to only go at about 10Mbps out-of-box. 22. This is a blazing-fast controller. Reload to refresh your session. pico-debug also differs from Picoprobe in that pico-debug is standards-based; it uses the CMSIS-DAP protocol, which means even software not specially Sep 11, 2022 · Looking at past topics I see a question from Jul'21 which asked whether Macros for reconfiguring the ADC registers exist. This seemed to work even without slowing the ADC capture down, i. g. rs This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. Oct 26, 2021 · You signed in with another tab or window. This is insufficient to find the end of a message or even the start. With six independent banks of RAM and a fully connected switch at the heart of its bus fabric, you can easily arrange for the cores and DMA engines to run in parallel without contention. Get ADC result from FIFOPops the latest result from the ADC FIFO. Our USB microphone captures PDM audio data from the PDM microphone, converts the PDM data to PCM format, and then sends the PCM data to the PC over May 6, 2021 · You won't be able to set up ring buffers that big - as the documentation you linked to says, the maximum is 32768 bytes. DMA-to-PWM sinewave looped to ADC-to-DMA-to-PWM (4/20/20) The settable frequency sine wave described in the previous example was used as a source to drive an ADC input. DMA channel 2 is paced by the ADC DREQ, so that it automatically moves the ADC sample from the FIFO to a byte array. up lx vj ux ym nr mm td fg ez