Quic vs udp

Quic vs udp. Feb 19, 2022 · This document defines the core of the QUIC transport protocol. Quic is an odd beast that takes TCP, TLS and the stream capability of HTTP/2 and merge them into a natively encrypted protocol implemented on top of UDP. Latency - The amount of time (in microseconds) taken for a single request to complete. Figure 1: QUIC outperforms TCP under a variety of scenarios. 3 and QUIC, but their security, when layered with their underlying transport protocols, cannot be easily com-pared. QUIC incorporates the features of protocols including TCP, TLS, HTTP/2, etc. youtube. 2 Criteria of QUIC Transport Protocol QUIC is a protocol for transport layers that aims to increase performance. UDP throughput over Tailscale Jun 2, 2021 · QUIC avoids TCP and builds on UDP to provide a new protocol that’s always encrypted and provides better performance. RoQ allows the use of QUIC streams and QUIC datagrams to transport real-time data, and thus, the QUIC implementation MUST support QUIC's datagram extension, if RTP packets should be sent over QUIC datagrams. Try it out! Watch or Publish a broadcast. The QUIC project started as an alternative to TCP+TLS+HTTP/2, with the goal of improving user experience, particularly page load times. A complete processable unit of QUIC that can be encapsulated in a UDP datagram. via QUIC (Kumar, 2020). server software, UDP/TCP, HTTP syntax, TLS encryption, parameter tuning, client OS, disk and memory. Multiple QUIC packets can be encapsulated in a single UDP datagram. QUIC has many advantages over existing TLS over TCP implementation: High-performance low latency of connection handshake with one round trip or zero round trip. A reset packet in UDP+QUIC[TLS] looks indistinguishable from a non-reset secure channel packet, but accepting it leads to a session reset. This allows to avoid the need to upgrade the kernels of internet-wide systems. QUIC uses a combination of encryption and Jul 13, 2020 · The idea behind using UDP is to remove the head-of-line blocking phenomenon present in TCP. 3. May 24, 2021 · This is the first in a series of posts about this rapidly emerging transport protocol. Learn how Google Edge Network uses QUIC protocol to improve web performance and security. QUIC over UDP, and QUIC[TLS] (a new design for QUIC that uses TLS 1. Responses to clients from public resolvers like Google Public DNS are especially vulnerable to this, as messages may pass through many networks, while A complete processable unit of QUIC that can be encapsulated in a UDP datagram. May 24, 2021 · The UDP+QUIC[TLS] header is similar to the UDP+QUIC header and we can likewise omit the entire UDP header for our analysis. The distance between each UE and the eNB is fixed at 250 m. An ACK frame contains so-called ACK ranges, acknowl- Aug 17, 2022 · The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) officially adopted the Google Quick UDP Internet Connection (QUIC) protocol as a part of its internet standard in May 2021. Currently, all multiplayer games use their own implementation of UDP-based protocol to achieve reliability and ordering. QUIC connections. From this new transport protocol, we get two new variants: DoQ which is similar to DoT but is using the stream capability of Quic instead of the DNS over TCP framing, and DoH3 which is DNS A complete processable unit of QUIC that can be encapsulated in a UDP datagram. Source: Iyengar 2017, slide 15. Description HTTP/3 is the next version of the HTTP protocol after HTTP/2. Our goal is to get as low as possible latency while maintaining the highest RPS. In short, HTTP/3 is a relatively straightforward adaptation of HTTP/2 running over QUIC, which actually Mar 30, 2022 · QUIC Summary: QUIC ( Q uick U DP I nternet C onnections, pronounced quick) is an experimental transport layer network protocol designed by Google. In 2012, engineers at Google originally developed the Quick UDP Aug 25, 2021 · UDP + QUIC = the transport layer . Apr 14, 2020 · The members of the QUIC Working Group collaborate on analyzing, implementing and interoperating the specification in order to find things that don't work quite right. Also, QUIC implements features to guarantee data delivery to make up for the shortcoming of UDP. For an application with a fallback to TCP that does not already have an alternate mapping to UDP, it is usually appropriate to register (if necessary) and use of the UDP port number corresponding to the TCP port already Dec 9, 2022 · To distinguish from previous research, we focus on the newer QUIC networking protocol while comparing it with TCP/TLS. UDP send and receive coalescing support. Application protocols exchange information over a QUIC connection via streams, which are ordered sequences of bytes. UDP is connectionless. b: RTT=26ms, Loss=1%. Non-encrypted QUIC traffic uses UDP 80, and encrypted traffic is sent over UDP 443. MsQuic has several features that differentiates it from other QUIC implementations: Optimized for client and server. Retransmission. One way a UDP flood can take down a targeted server is by sending spoofed UDP packets to a specific port on a server that is not actually in use. Another change is that TLS is implemented inside of QUIC, and all its security features are inherited Yes, you can. QUIC only needs a single handshake to establish a secure session. HTTP/3 is the third major version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol used to exchange information on the World Wide Web, complementing the widely-deployed HTTP/1. There are few more widely used implementations like raknet, but those implementations only aim to achieve single goal Jun 18, 2020 · Secure transports for DNS. We have made a project to benchmark mango-v3 on solana. 4 Ghz; Host: Proxmox 6. It's a best effort, fire and forget protocol. QUIC is a UDP-based transport layer protocol developed by Google that is designed to deliver lower latency performance than TCP. SRT Becomes Essential Step in Live Content Distribution. The QUIC working group at the IETF Nov 3, 2022 · However, QUIC is a whole lot more than just wrapping up TCP in UDP, so let’s look at the QUIC protocol in a little more detail. It’s a new lane on the information highway that combines the speed of UDP with the reliability of TCP. We launched with support for Draft-23 for HTTP/3 and have since kept up with each new draft, with 27 being the latest at time of writing. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Apr 26, 2023 · QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) is a protocol Google has developed to improve the speed and reliability of web connections. 3 security protocol and makes them compatible with its own delivery mechanism. In standard HTTP+TLS+TCP, TCP needs a handshake to establish a session between server and client, and TLS needs its own handshake to ensure that the session is secured. These cause a recipient to send an acknowledgment; see Section 13. Traditional DNS queries and replies are sent over UDP or TCP without encryption, making them subject to surveillance, spoofing, and DNS-based Internet filtering. QUIC is a secure UDP-based stream protocol that forms the basis of HTTP/3. We found that compared to TCP, QUIC is able to improve the PLTs under HTTP/3. Sep 28, 2022 · As QUIC is a general-purpose transport protocol, there are no requirements that servers use a particular UDP port for QUIC. In this article we’ll take a quick tour of QUIC and then look at the extent to which QUIC is being used on today’s Internet. To appreciate the benefits of QUIC, it is necessary to compare it to TCP, the traditional protocol for Internet communications. ¶ Ack-eliciting Packet: A QUIC packet that contains frames other than ACK, PADDING, and CONNECTION_CLOSE. While built with HTTP/2 as the primary application protocol, QUIC builds on decades of transport and security experience, and implements mechanisms that make it attractive as a Nov 16, 2023 · We’re releasing a set of changes that builds on the foundation of our earlier WireGuard performance work, significantly improving UDP throughput on Linux. The really interesting bit about the QUIC protocol is the move to UDP. QUIC uses UDP as its underlying transport, which allows it to avoid some of the limitations of TCP, such as head-of-line blocking and connection setup overhead. Apr 4, 2018 · Here is how an application stack differs between TCP and QUIC: As we can see, QUIC sits on top of UDP while encryption is part of the protocol. QUIC protocol is a UDP-based transport layer protocol proposed by Google in 2013, and its design goal is to make the Internet faster and more secure [15,16,17,18]. QUIC includes security measures that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability in a range of deployment circumstances. 0 utilizará el protocolo de la capa de transporte QUIC, un protocolo realmente rápido y fiable, mucho más rápido que TCP y más fiable que UDP, además, es obligatorio que todo el tráfico vaya cifrado punto a punto, no hay posibilidad de no utilizar HTTPS cuando se utiliza HTTP/3 únicamente. A QUIC connection is a shared state between a single client and a single server. QUIC Packet – Contains one QUIC header and one or more QUIC frames. DoT uses the same security protocol, TLS, that HTTPS websites use to encrypt and authenticate communications. QUIC is a new network protocol that resides in the application layer over UDP. As with the previous work, we intend to upstream these changes to WireGuard. 1. Since UDP is a connectionless protocol, QUIC handless all of the logic to guarantee a reliable connection between a client and a server. 04; CPU: Xeon E7 2. Sep 14, 2022 · With QUIC, the limits of network layers, communications, reliability features and security features in “user space” are redefined. ¶ Out-of-order packet: A complete processable unit of QUIC that can be encapsulated in a UDP datagram. It uses UDP, and HTTP/3 is designed to take advantage of it. HTTP/3 is designed to take advantage of QUIC's features, including lack of Head-Of-Line blocking between streams. Jul 13, 2021 · The eye-catching use case for SMB over QUIC is securely accessing files shares over the internet without needing any VPN. Google developed QUIC as an alternative to TCP. This was originally published on Perf Planet's 2019 Web Performance Calendar. It was initially designed for HTTP use case but later evolved to accommodate a variety of use cases. 2. QUIC is a new multiplexed transport built on top of UDP. DTLS. The main wins for performance are faster connection setup, multiplexing, and Media over QUIC is new live media protocol powered by QUIC : a super-charged TCP/UDP replacement designed for HTTP/3 . 3 Oct 25, 2022 · QUIC integrates most features of the TLS v1. IETF QUIC is a general-purpose transport, comparable to TCP. Click below to begin exploring. TCP and missing QUIC Internet-Drafts components, in Sec. The IETF process evolved that protocol in many ways, including: Separating the application-layer protocol from the transport layer. As simple as that, you get the connection establishment time cut in half. ¶ Frame: We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. QUIC builds a secure connection at the start . As mentioned previously, QUIC also prevents head-of-line Ya es oficial que el próximo estándar HTTP 3. Because TCP is implemented at the lowest levels of machinery Jan 24, 2021 · QUIC's place in the networking stack. Mar 20, 2019 · TL;DR. Jan 8, 2020 · Accelerating UDP packet transmission for QUIC. HTTP on top of QUIC is often called HTTP/3. flux http reactive tcp netty udp ipc mono reactive-streams reactor quic reactor3 Aug 24, 2022 · QUIC is a common transport layer network protocol built on top of UDP, originally proposed by Google as an alternative to TCP+TLS to improve end-to-end user experience. In this demonstration a client connects to a server, negotiates a QUIC connection with TLS encryption, sends "ping", receives "pong", then terminates the connection. 9ms. A profiler was used to examine the effect of XDP UDP versus native UDP in the program to help identify specific bottlenecks. This paper investigates " Quick UDP Internet Connections " (QUIC), which was proposed by Google in 2012 as a reliable protocol on top of UDP in order to reduce Web Page TCP/HTTP/UDP/QUIC client/server with Reactor over Netty projectreactor. com. google. One of the challenges is CPU load, which Dec 19, 2015 · QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connection) is a new multiplexed and secure transport atop UDP, designed from the ground up and optimized for HTTP/2 semantics. It has been for years. The requestor sends the request to the server without knowing or caring, at the protocol level, whether the Recently I've been learning about QUIC protocol and considering its viability for multiplayer games. It’s being developed by the IETF as a new standard. Jun 21, 2021 · Google QUIC was implemented as a single reference codebase that exposed an HTTP-like API, employed custom cryptography, and output UDP packets on the bottom. Think of QUIC as being similar to TCP+TLS+HTTP/2 implemented on UDP. 3 for securing its payload. By replacing TCP with UDP and encrypting most of its payload,…. Aug 14, 2023 · It does this by establishing multiple multiplexed connections between two endpoints using User Datagram Protocol (UDP) rather than Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Hardware and Software Server machine: OS: Lubuntu v19. c: RTT=112ms, Loss=0%. 1 and HTTP/2. A, but assuming varying numbers of QUIC and TCP flows. The advantages lie in reduced latency for A UDP flood is a type of DDoS attack that overwhelms a targeted server with unwanted UDP packets. If you see items with the Protocol http/2+quic/39 then you are using QUIC. QUIC is an IETF-standardized protocol with many benefits when compared with TCP: All packets are always encrypted and handshake is authenticated with TLS 1. Since QUIC provides reliability and stream orientation, it requires a similar ACK process as TCP. Everything is a work in progress, but some features include: Web support via WebTransport and WebCodecs. g. 3 key exchange) over UDP. , by reducing the round-trip time (RTT) needed to connect to a server. Two browsers (Chrome and Opera) and Google servers are the only entities that support QUIC. QUIC (RFC 9000) QUIC is a new transport protocol based on UDP published on the RFC 9000 (May 2021). The QUIC transport protocol, an HTTP/2 successor, was renamed to HTTP/3. With each draft the group improves the Connection establishment latency. QUIC is thus gaining wider deployment, including its planned standardization for HTTP/3. In the HTTP/3 stack, encryption is not optional but a built-in feature. One or more QUIC packets can be encapsulated in a single UDP datagram. However, its performance has been found to vary across different studies due to discrepancies in targeted applications and experimental configurations. (TLS is also known as " SSL . UDP is faster, simpler, and more efficient than TCP. QUIC perceives much more packets than HTTP/2 during file download. There are approaches to empower UDP to become connection-oriented in order to be nearly equivalent to a TCP connection, e. ABSTRACT. io. UDP. Unlike previous versions which relied on the well-established TCP (published in 1974), [2] HTTP/3 uses QUIC, a multiplexed transport protocol built on UDP. Fine-grained profiling in the kernel and user spaces reveals the “culprit”. QUIC has much higher RTT dominated by local processing, 16. 2 vs 1. In this post I’ll take a quick tour of QUIC, looking at what goals influenced its design, and what implications QUIC might have on the overall architecture of the Internet Apr 19, 2023 · UDP Datagram – Contains a header specifying the source and destination ports (along with length and checksum data), followed by one or more QUIC packets. Receive side scaling support. In November 2018, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) met in Bangkok, and a new Internet-Draft was adopted. There have been a number of for-mal security analyses for TLS 1. QUIC uses UDP for ports and connectionless transport, then adds the resiliency of TCP, the security of TLS 1. Our work is the first to thoroughly compare the security and Source: Screen Plays Magazine Author: Fred Dawson. The overall goal is to reduce latency compared to that of TCP. We look at two performance metrics here: RPS - The number of HTTP-style requests completed per second. This document introduces a mapping of the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) to the QUIC transport protocol. QUIC uses UDP, but a QUIC flood is not necessarily the same as a UDP flood. TCP has a (20-60) bytes variable length header. Different frame types exist, such as stream, ACK, padding, or crypto. QUIC packets are carried in UDP datagrams to better facilitate deployment in existing systems and networks. Our changes improve throughput for HTTP/3, QUIC, and other UDP-based applications through the use of segmentation offloads. , but is based on UDP transmission. May 6, 2023 · TCP is comparatively slower than UDP. This document defines the core of the QUIC transport protocol. There is no retransmission of lost packets in the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). ¶ Frame: DNS over TLS, or DoT, is a standard for encrypting DNS queries to keep them secure and private. 先安利下《浅谈QUIC协议原理与性能分析及部署方案》， quic 是一个完整固化的 http 应用层协议，目前已经更名 http/3，指定使用 udp（虽然本质上并不一定需要 udp）。其主要目的是为了整合 We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. In this first article we will explore how QUIC is different than TCP, which has been delivering reliable application connectivity for 40 years, and why it runs over UDP. The datagram is the unit of information transmitted from client to server across the network. QUIC is a UDP-powered transport protocol that is encrypted and optimized for HTTPS. Optimized for maximal throughput and minimal latency. Accompanying documents describe the integration of We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. CDN support via MoqTransport. com/watch?v=Vdc8TCESIg800:00 Intro00:20 Overview of TC Apr 5, 2024 · TCP vs. QUIC includes security measures that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability in a range of deployment Nov 16, 2023 · QUIC. Dec 16, 2022 · Problem. While built with HTTP/2 as the primary application protocol, QUIC builds on decades of transport and security experience, and implements mechanisms that make it attractive as a modern general quicトランスポートプロトコルは、quicのietf版として定義されたもので、tcpとtlsレイヤが置き換わるようなもので、 UDPを基にして再送処理、輻輳制御, 暗号化などを実装したものです。 QUIC authenticates the entirety of each packet and encrypts as much of each packet as is practical. 6. To investigate the fairness issue arising between QUIC and TCP in LTE networks, the Bulk-Send applications of ns-3 are again utilized employing the same parameters as in Sec. Topics. [3] Jul 30, 2016 · The QUIC protocol (Quick UDP Internet Connections) is an entirely new protocol for the web developed on top of UDP instead of TCP. The BasicsQUIC is here. QUIC is built on top of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). We tested our benchmark with UDP vs QUIC and we found out using TPUClient in UDP mode on low tps all our transactions are confirmed but in QUIC mode only 25% are confirmed and others are lost (timeouts). QUIC, the new Internet transport protocol designed to accelerate HTTP traffic, is delivered on top of UDP datagrams, to ease deployment and avoid interference from network appliances that drop packets from unknown protocols. Sites like Google, YouTube, Facebook, and even Cloudflare support it. Now that it is a Feb 19, 2022 · This document defines the core of the QUIC transport protocol. 3. Mar 29, 2021 · On top of the UDP, a new protocol, QUIC, is introduced. Jul 1, 2022 · QUIC is a transport layer network protocol built on top of UDP, which transmits packets of data between servers or between a server and a client. In this Nov 5, 2020 · QUIC is a protocol that is expected to replace TCP. Jan 13, 2016 · QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connection) is a new multiplexed and secure transport atop UDP, designed from the ground up and optimized for HTTP/2 semantics. QUIC combines UDP and TCP’s key advantages: low latency, fewer errors, and lighter data streams. Mar 4, 2019 · Quick UDP Internet Connection (QUIC) is a network protocol initially developed and deployed by Google, and now being standardized in the Internet Engineering Task Force. 5. That makes sense; SMB over TCP/445 is not readily usable over the internet. QUIC sits on top of UDP and uses TLS 1. Header Length. In addition, QUIC is built in the application layer, meaning that Nov 26, 2022 · Google's QUIC protocol uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) over ports 80 and 443. QUIC uses the combination of two numbers, one selected by each end, to form a pair of connection IDs. The QUIC protocol builds on UDP and its superiority over TCP/TLS is highlighted by the quicker and lower-overhead connection establishments. 1 Apr 16, 2018 · QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) is a new generation Internet protocol that speeds online web applications that are susceptible to delay, such as searching, video streaming etc. QUIC provides applications with flow-controlled streams for structured communication, low-latency connection establishment, and network path migration. While only formally adopted as a standard by the IETF in May 2021, its roots date back nearly a decade. Jun 30, 2022 · QUIC is a new connection-oriented protocol that creates a stateful interaction between a client and server. 4, presents examples of QUIC performance evaluation. Since you preferably want to have a stable and packets to come in order, when doing encryption you might as well do TCP. At last, the results concluded in Sec. Sep 22, 2021 · In this blog post, we’ll walk through the steps to configure a remote workstation to stream at 60 FPS and use QUIC UDP (user datagram protocol) communication with NICE DCV, a high-performance remote display and streaming protocol that provides customers with a secure way to deliver remote desktops and application streaming, in the AWS cloud. Asynchronous IO. Go to the Network tab, ensure you include the Protocol column, and then browse to any of the Google sites such as https://www. The detailed description of the QUIC[TLS] header is omitted here and referred to . Therefore, the protocol evaluation is heavily dependent on the QoS requirements of the target application. answered Mar 19, 2019 at 11:07. 75% of transaction are never added in the transaction queue of the TPU. Jun 6, 2023 · QUIC is a transport protocol that is designed to be more efficient and reliable than TCP, the traditional transport protocol for RPCs. I only learned about QUIC a few weeks ago while doing the curl & libcurl episode of the SysCast podcast. HTTP/3 builds on User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and is already being used by prominent internet companies such as Google and Facebook. When a user accesses Google’s services such as Gmail over the aforementioned browsers, the data transfer will use UDP-based QUIC. Jun 1, 2020 · Simple volume tests of 2GB were executed to show performance differences between native UDP and XDP UDP. It inherits good parts of TCP, including connection management and flow control. Quick UDP Internet Connection (QUIC) is a network protocol initially developed and deployed by Google, and recently (May 2021) standardized in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) ( RFC 9000 ). SMB over QUIC introduces an alternative to the TCP network transport, providing secure, reliable connectivity to edge file servers over untrusted networks like the Internet. Unlike the earlier versions, HTTP/3 does not use TCP but instead relies on QUIC as the underlying transport protocol on top of the UDP protocol. a: RTT=36ms, Loss=0%. Here’s a recap of how the three transport-layer protocols, TCP, UDP, and QUIC, compare to each other: TCP. UDP: The Delivery Balancing Act. TCP: a comparative analysis. Retransmission of lost packets is possible in TCP, but not in UDP. If you use UDP, you might need to resend or handle order of packets and such. Nevertheless, the use of UDP brings both advantages and disadvantages to QUIC and HTTP/3. QUIC vs. Jan 21, 2020 · Beginning from BIG-IP 16. Also available in. 1 Jul 11, 2022 · A look at QUIC use. ¶ Ack-eliciting packet: A QUIC packet that contains frames other than ACK, PADDING, and CONNECTION_CLOSE. The magic of QUIC is UDP over port 443 lies in the fact that it is always secure by design thanks to certificates and TLS 1. UDP comparison: https://www. Protocol Overview. It based on UDP that allows fast deployment of QUIC changes. There is even a special protocol for it now. Some are even (jokingly) calling it TCP/2 . Otherwise, if UDP is not available, QUIC fallbacks to standard HTTP, ensuring that the end We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 1. QUIC is a transport protocol designed to replace TCP and improve web performance. It modernizes completely the network transport layer by bringing a set of new functionalities. Jun 22, 2018 · The simplest test to see if you QUIC is enabled in your environment is to use the Developer Tools native in the Chrome browser. August 10, 2018 – What until recently was a fraught quest to achieve low-latency, TV-caliber delivery of premium video content over the Internet has morphed into the less frustrating but still daunting challenge of choosing from a basket of compelling options that May 24, 2021 · Which transport layer protocol should you pick?My previous TCP vs. QUIC encapsulates QUIC packets into UDP datagrams, while the packets carry the actual payload as QUIC frames. Jun 21, 2022 · 比较知名的tcp加速开源方案有：quic、enet、kcp、udt。 kcp/quic/enet协议的区别. It lives up to its name by doing things quicker Nov 7, 2013 · UDP is not in-order, like TCP QUIC adds packet sequence numbers SSL crypto block depend(ed) on the previous block's decryption QUIC uses packet sequence numbers as crypto-block Initialization Vector (IV) source QUIC collapses and reuses protocol layers! SSL encrypted blocks don't match IP packet boundaries :- Jul 1, 2019 · Google’s Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC) protocol, which implements TCP-like properties at the application layer atop a UDP transport, is now used by the vast majority of Chrome clients accessing Google properties but has no formal state machine specification, limited analysis, and ad-hoc evaluations based on snapshots of the protocol implementation in a small number of environ-merits. Weighing QUIC vs. QUIC is a transport protocol that's an alternative to TCP. When using HTTP/3 over QUIC, it’s faster to establish connections, and congestion control feedback is available to help avoid problems. QUIC, as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), is an encrypted connection-oriented protocol that operates at the Transport Layer, or Layer 4, in the OSI model. It is designed to replace the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) used in the current Internet infrastructure. Feb 1, 2019 · QUIC works on top of UDP, thus it will only work when a UDP link is available between client and server. Hence, QUIC may be seen as providing the functions previously provid Apr 15, 2015 · Abstract and Figures. 0, BIG-IP supports QUIC and HTTP/3. ") DoT adds TLS encryption on top of the user datagram protocol (UDP), which is used for DNS queries. Sep 16, 2022 · The details of MsQuic + XDP will be covered in a separate article. Accompanying documents describe the integration of Jan 29, 2018 · Darker colours indicate larger performance differences, and white cells indicate no statistically significant difference between QUIC and TCP. 3, sprinkles in a dash of commands and version control from protocols like SMB, and then mixes in a set of new protocol concepts and efficiencies to create something entirely unique in the protocol world. vy an hf va zj yb al cx yj cz